Analysis of The end of the Iran-Iraq war

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, History, Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution Research Institute, Tehran

2 PhD Student, History of Islamic Revelation, Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution Research Institute, Tehran, I. R. Iran

Abstract

Purpose: This paper is an assessment of the political consequences of Iran-Iraq war within the framework of "target-result" theory. The paper also tests the theory of "war without a win".
Methodology and Research Design: Data for this study has come from archival records, library resources, and interview with war commanders. Theoretical framework of the study is based on the "win-loss" theory of HP-Callahan which upholds two concepts, namely victory and failure. The theory states that as long as a nation maintains is military, political and psychological power, it can continue the war.
Findings and Conclusions: The adoption of the UN Security Council Resolution no. 598 in July 27, 1988, provided the basis for ending the war. It led to the refutation of the claim that Iran seeks war while Iraq demands peace. Later developments in the region proved that Iran has attained its political goals in war against Iraq. With the full support of its people, the government managed to defend the integrity of the country, and consolidate its military with revolutionary-religious orientation.  Whereas the Iraqi government had no achievement. But to increase its attachment to economic issues and the purchase of military weaponry from world powers.

Keywords


English Translation of References
Documents
Muze-ye Enqelāb-e Eslāmi va Defā’-e Moqaddas (MAD) (Holy Defense Museum): document number 3865, s-1986; document number 5446, code s-1957; document number 23246, code s-1985; document number 108535, code s-1985; document number 16208, code s-1985; document number 156/8, code s-1994; MAD, document number 16208711, code s-1985; MAD, document number 16208712, code s-1985.[Persian]
Xabargozāri-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān (Islamic Republic News Agency) (IRNA), special reports, number Š311, 1361/2/20 (10 - May– 1982), Markaz-e Motāle’āt va Tahqiqāt-e Jang (Holy Defense Research & Document Center).[Persian]
Books
Alayi, Hossein. (1395/2016). “Tārix-e tahlili-ye jang-e IrānvaArāq” (Analytical history of the Iran-Iraq war). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Marz-o Bum.[Persian]
Āmār-e kārgāh-hā-ye bozorg-e san’ati-ye sāl-e 1359” (Statistical records of large industrial workshops of in the year 1980). Derived from a survey of large industrial workshops in 1360/1981. Tehran: Makaz-e Āmār-e Irān (Statistical Centre of Iran).[Persian]
Bill, James. (1371/1992). “Širvaoqāb” (The eagle and the lion: The tragedy of American-Iranian relations). Translated by Forouzandeh Berelyan. Tehran: Našr-e Fāxteh.[Persian]
Bouthoul, Gaston. (1374/1995). “Jāme’e-šenāsi-ye jang” (La Guerre) [The war]. Translated by HoushangFarkhojasteh. Tehran: Entešārāt-e ‘ElmivaFarhangi (ElmiFarhangi Publishing Co.).[Persian]
Charbel,Ghassan. (1395/2016). “Al-Arāq men harbelal-harb:Saddam marra men hona” [Arāq az jang tā jang: Saddām az injā ‘oburkard] (Iraq from war to war: Saddam passed from here). Translated by Seyyed Ali Mousavi Khalkhali. Al-Hayāt-e Lobnān: Xāne-ye Ketāb.[Persian]
Cordesman, Anthony, H., &Wagner, Abraham, R. (1389/2010). “Dars-hā-ye jang-e modern; Jeld-e 1: Jang-e IrānvaArāq” (The lessons of modern war; Volume 1: Iran-Iraq war). Translated by Hossein Yekta. Tehran: Entešārāt-e Marz-o Bum.[Persian]
DarvishiSehTalani, Farhad. (1388/2009). “Tajziehvatahlil-e jang-e IrānvaArāq: Riše-hā-ye tahājom” (Analysis of the Iran-Iraq war: The origins of the invasion). Tehran: Markaz-e Motāle’āt va Tahqiqāt-e Jang (Holy Defense Research & Document Center).[Persian]
DehghaniFirouzabadi, Seyyed Jalal. (1389/2010). “Siāsat-e xāreji-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān” (Foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran). Tehran: Entešārāt-e SAMT.[Persian]
Doroudian, Mohammad. (1382/2003). “Porseš-hā-y e asāsi-ye jang: Naqdvabarresi-ye jang-e IrānvaArāq” (Basic war questions: A review of the Iran-Iraq war). Tehran: Markaz-e Motāle’āt va Tahqiqāt-e Jang(Holy Defense Research & Document Center).[Persian]
Doroudian, Mohammad. (1387/2008). “FāvtāŠalamčeh: Seiridarjang-e IrānvaArāq” (Al-Faw Port to Shalamcheh: A survey on the Iran-Iraq war). Tehran: Markaz-e Motāle’āt va Tahqiqāt-e Jang(Holy Defense Research & Document Center).[Persian]
Doroudian, Mohammad. (1389/2010). “Tajziehvatahlil-e jang-e IrānvaArāq; Jeld-e 2: Jang, bāzyābi-ye sobāt: Barresi-ye tahavvolāt-e nezāmi-ye Irānaz 1359 tā 1361” (Analysis of the Iran-Iraq war; Volume 2: War, restoring stability: An overview of Iran's military developments from 1980 to 1982) (2nd ed.). Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād va Tahqiqāt-e Defā’-e Moqaddas (Holy Defense Research & Document Center).[Persian]
Doroudian, Mohammad. (1391/2012). “Seiridarjang-e IrānvaArāq;Jeld-e 5: Pāyān-e jang” (A survey on the Iran-Iraq war; Volume 5: The end of the war). Tehran: Markaz-e Motāle’āt va Tahqiqāt-e Jang (Holy Defense Research & Document Center).[Persian]
Engelbregcht. (1993). Theory of games. Princeton University Press.
Gholampor, Ahmad. (1388/2009). “Mā va jang” (We and the war). Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād va Tahqiqāt-e Jang (Holy Defense Research & Document Center).[Persian]
Haji Yousefi, Amir Mohammad. (1392/2013). “Jang-e IrānvaArāqaznegāh-e nazarie-hā-ye ravābet-e bein-ol-melal” (The Iran-Iraq war from the perspective of international relations theories). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Safhe-ye Jadid.[Persian]
Hansen, Wibke; Ramsbotham, Oliver; &Woodhouse, Tom. (2004). Hawks and doves: Peacekeeping and conflict resolution. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management.
Hashemi Rafsanjani, Akbar. (1380/2001). “Xotbe-hā-ye namāz-e jom’e” (Friday sermons). Tehran: Dafter-e Našr-e Ma’āref-e Enqelāb.[Persian]
Hashemi Rafsanjani, Akbar. (1393/2014). “Pas azbohrān: Kārnāme va xāterāt-e HāšemiRafsanjāni dar sāl-e 1361” (Post-Crisis: The report card and memories of Hashemi Rafsanjani in the year 1982). Tehran: Dafter-e Našr-e Ma’āref-e Enqelāb.[Persian]
Hume, Cameron, R. (1376/1997). “Sāzmān-e melal-e mottahed, Irān va Arāq” (The United Nations, Iran, and Iraq: How peacemaking changed) (1st ed.). Translated by HoushangRasekhi. Tehran: Dafter-e Motāle’āt-e Siāsi (Institute for Political and International Studies).[Persian]
JafariValadani, Asghar. (1382/2003). “Ravābet-e xāreji-ye Irān:Ba’dazenqelāb-e Eslāmi” (Foreign relations of Iran:After the Islamic Revolution) (2nd ed.). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Āvā-ye Nur.[Persian]
Khomeini, Ruhollah. (1378/1999). “Sahife-ye emām: Majmu’eāsār-e emāmXomeini (s), bayānāt, payām-hā, mosāhebe-hā, ahkām, ejāzāt-e šar’eeva name-hā” (Sahifeh-ye Imam: An anthology of Imam Khomeini’s Speeches, messages, interviews, decrees, religious permissions, and letters) (vol. 11 & 21). Tehran: Mo’assese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeini (The Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works).[Persian]
Kissinger, Henry. (1396/2017). “Nazm-e jahāni: Ta’ammolidarvižegi-ye mellat-hāvajariān-e tārix” (World order: Reflections on the character of nations and the course of history). Translated by Mohammad Taghi Hosseini. Tehran: Entešārāt-e ‘ElmiFarhangi (ElmiFarhangi Publishing Co.).[Persian]
MansouriLarijani, Esma’eel. (1390/2011). “Tārix-e defā’-e moqaddas: Ruykard-e hoquqi-ye jangvaelal-e pazireš-e qat’-nāme-ye 598” (History of holy defense: The legal approach to war and the reasons for adoption of Resolution598) (1st ed.). Tehran: Pažuhešgāh-e Olum va Ma’āref-e Defā’-e Moqaddas (Defensive Science Research Center).[Persian]
Moeen, Mohammad. (1386/2007). “Farhang-e Mo’een” (Moin Encyclopedic Dictionary) (3rd ed.). Tehran: Entešārāt-eZarrin.[Persian]
Mohajerani, Mir Heydar. (1385/2006). “Mabāni-ye joqrāfiā-ye siāsi” (The basics of political geography) (14th ed.). Tehran: SAMT.[Persian]
Mohammadi, Manouchehr. (1386/2007). “Siāsat-e xāreji-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān: Osulvamasā’el” (Foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Principles and issues) (4th ed.). Tehran: Dādgostar.[Persian]
Parsadoust, Manouchehr. (1369/1990). “Naqš-e Arāqdaršoru’-e janghamrāhbābarresi-ye tārix-e Arāqvaandiše-hā-ye hezb-e ba’s” (Iraq's role in starting the war, along with an examination of Iraqi history and Ba'athist ideas) (1st ed.). Tehran: Šerkat-e Sahāmi-ye Entešār.[Persian]
Parsadoust, Manouchehr. (1371/1992). “Naqš-esāzmān-e melaldarjang-e Arāq va Irān, hamgāmi-ye Āmrikā va Šoravi da redāme-ye jang” (The role of the United Nations in the Iraq-Iran war, US-Soviet synergy in continuing the war) (1st ed.). Tehran: Šerkat-e Sahāmi-ye Entešār.[Persian]
Pourdastan, Ahmad Reza, et al. (1392/2013). “Atlas-e nabard-hā-ye māndegār: Amaliāt-e niru-hā-ye zamini dar haštsāl defā’-e moqaddas: Šahrivarmāh 1359 – Mordādmāh 1367” (Atlas of unforgettable battles:Ground forces operations in eight years of holy defense:September, 1980 - August, 1988) (34th ed.). Tehran: Sure-ye Sabz.[Persian]
Rahmani, Ghodartollah. (1383/2004). “Bipardeh bā HāšemiRafsanjāni” (Honestly with Hashemi Rafsanjani) (2nd ed.). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Keyhān.[Persian]
Ramadan, Mikhael. (1394/2015). “Šabih-e Saddām” (In the shadow of Saddam). Translated by Mohammad Nabi Ebrahimi. Tehran: Entešārāt-e Sure-ye Mehr.[Persian]
Rezayi Mir Ghaed, Mohsen. (1374/1995). “Dars-hā-ye tajziehvatahlil-e jang-e IrānvaArāq” (Analysis lessons of the Iran-Iraq war). Tehran: Dāneškade-ye Farmāndehi va Setād-e Sepāh (AJA University of Command and Staff).[Persian]
Rezayi Mir Ghaed, Mohsen. (1390/2011). “Jang be revāyat-e farmāndeh: Dars-goftār-hā-ye jang” (War as narrated by the commander: War lectures). Tehran: Bonyād-e Hefz-e ĀsārvaArzeš-hā-ye Defā’-e Moqaddas (Foundation for the Preservation of Sacred Defense Works and Values).[Persian]
Roudbari, Sava’ Feili. (1998). “Koveit” (Kuwait). Tehran: Vezārat-e Omur-e Xārejeh (Ministry of Foreign Affairs).[Persian]
Articles
Massoud, Tansa George. (1996). “War termination”. Journal of Peace Research, 33 (4), pp. 491-496.
Reiter, Dan. (2003). “Exploring the bargaining model of war”. Perspectives on Politics, 1 (1), pp. 27-43 (March).
Shayganfard, Majid. (1383/2004). “Divān-e bein-ol-melali-ye keifarivasalāhiat-e residegi be jenāyat-e tajāvoz” (The international criminal court and jurisdiction over the crime of aggression). Fasl-nāme-ye Hoquq (Privet Law Studies Quarterly), 38 (4). Tehran: Dāneškade-ye Hoquqva ‘Olum-e Siāsi (Faculty of Law and Political Science).[Persian]
Newspapers
Alsharq Al-Awsat. (1981 – 9–22). “Mowze’ea’rāb va dargiri-ye Irān va Arāq” (The Arabs’ stance and the Iran-Iraq conflict). Translated by Kamran Moumivand. Baghdad/ England.[Persian]
INA (Iraq News Agency). (July 22, 1987). From Baghdad. No 2.
Miller, John. (1980 – 9 – 23). “Rus-hā bar sar-e dorāhi dar jang-e xalij-e [Fārs]” (Russians at the crossroad in the [Persian] Gulf war). Translated by Mohammad Bagher Khoshnevisan. Moscow: Daily Telegraph.[Persian]
New York Times. (1980 – 9 – 23). “Bim-e mošaverān-e Āmrikāyi  az sudbordan-e Šoravi dar jang-e xalij-e Fārs” (US advisers’ fear of Soviet benefitting from the Persian Gulf war). Translated by Rasoul Mansouri. Washington.[Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Ettelā’āt (Ettela’at Newspaper), No. 13685, 1366/5/1 (July 23, 1987).[Persian]
Sedighian, Amir. (1389 - 4 - 3 / 1987 – 7 – 23). “Goft-o-gubā Ali RezāAfšār (Jānešin-e vaqt-e setād-e Markazi-ye Sepāh-e Pasdārān)” (Interview with Ali Reza Afshar: The deputy chief of the Revolutionary Guard Corps headquarters). Ruznāme-ye Irān (Iran Newspaper). “Viže-nāme-ye sālruz-e pazireš-e qat’-nāme-ye 598” (Special issue on the anniversary of accepting Resolution 598).[Persian]
Interviews
Allah Karam, Hossein. (1393 – 9 – 26 / 2014 – 12 – 17). Tehran: Muze-ye Enqelāb-e Eslāmi va Defā’-e Moqaddas (MAD) (Holy Defense Museum).[Persian]
Bakhtiari, Masoud. (1394 – 2 – 16 / 2015 – 5 – 6). Tehran: Muze-ye Enqelāb-e Eslāmi va Defā’-e Moqaddas (MAD) (Holy Defense Museum).[Persian]
Gholampour, Ahmad. (1393 – 9 – 26 / 2014 – 12 – 17). Tehran: Muze-ye Enqelāb-e Eslāmi va Defā’-e Moqaddas (MAD) (Holy Defense Museum).[Persian]