Qualitative content analysis of the goals of women in knowledge in Iran (case study of Isfahan city in the Safavid period)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, , University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

3 Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

4 PhD in Religious studies, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran

10.30484/ganj.2023.3078

Abstract

Abstract
The period of Safavid rule is more prominent among the historical periods of Iran in terms of creation of endowments. The formation of this government based on the Shia religion made the tradition of good endowment grow significantly. The endowment of a large part of properties and properties, especially by Shah Abbas I, strengthened the motivation for endowment among the courtiers and women of that era. Despite the restrictions and social problems, women played a significant role as active activists in charity and endowment affairs.
 Purpose: This article has analyzed the qualitative content of the goals of women waqifs in the city of Isfahan in the Safavid era.
Method and Research Design: In the process of data analysis, there are 8 themes: "legalization of politics", "permanence in property", "futuristic view of property division", "property protection organization", "display of Shiism", "backward thinking", "transcendent action in meeting the needs of others", It was represented to the structure of society.
Findings and conclusion: The results showed that the main purpose of endowment is economic; In fact, paying attention to the afterlife and even paying attention to the needs of the society is an insignificant contribution to the effort of knowledgeable women to protect their property from the evil of possession and division of their property; Therefore, the majority of the content of waqf names indicates planning and organization for the protection of waqf properties and assets in their generation and relatives. Also, the knowledgeable women of this era, although they established their subordinate role by participating in public benefit and charity activities, they did not give a share of activism and social presence to the women after them, and they gave the right to inherit endowments with the priority of male children in their generation. 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

 
English Translation of References
Books
Bastani Parizi, Mohammad Ebrahim. (1362/1983). “Siyāsat va eqtesād-e ‘asr-e Safavi” (Iran under Safavids economic and political conditions). Tehran: Safi Šāh. [Persian]
Becker, Gary S. (1976). The economic approach to human behavior. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Chardin, Jean. (1336/1957). “Safarnāme-ye Šārden” (Voyages en Perse) [Trips in Iran]. Translated by Eghbal Yaghmayi. Tehran: Amir Kabir. [Persian]
Emami, Hassan. (1368/1989). “Hoquq-e madani” (Civil rights). Tehran: Eslāmiyeh. [Persian]
Figueroa, Don Garcia de Silva. (1363/1984). “Safarnāme-ye Don Gārsiyā” (L’Ambassade de D. Garcia de Silva Figueroa en Perse) [The embassy of D. Garcia de Silva Figueroa in Persia]. Translated by Gholamreza Samiei. Tehran: No. [Persian]
Ghasemizadeh Ravari, Mohammad. (1396/2017). “Negāhi no be āsār-e ejtemā’ee-ye vaqf” (A new look at the social effects of Waqf). Tehran: Šerkat-e Čāp va Entešārāt-e Vābaste be Sāzmān-e Owqāf va Omur-e Xeyriyeh (Awqaf and Charity Affairs Organization of Iran). [Persian]
Hosseini Ashkevari, Seyyed Sadegh. (1378/1999). “Asnād-e mowqufāt-e Esfahān” (Endowment Documents of Isfahan Province) (1st ed.). Supervised by Edāre-ye Koll-e Owqāf va Omur-e Xeyriye-ye Ostān-e Esfahān (General Directorate of Endowments and Charity of Isfahan Province). Qom: Majma’-e Zaxā’er-e Eslāmi (Digital Library of Oriental Documents and Manuscripts). [Persian]
Krippendorff, klaus. (1378/1999). “Tahlil-e mohtava: Mabāni-ye raves-šenāsi” (Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology). Translated by Houshang Nayebi. Tehran: Ney. [Persian]
Monshi, Eskandar Beig. (1382/2003). “Tārix-e ‘ālam-ārā-ye ‘Abbāsi” (Tarikh-e Alam-ara-ye Abbasi). Supervised by Iraj Afshar. Tehran: Amir Kabir; Majalle-ye Tahqiqāti-ye Farhang-e Irān-Zamin, no. 15. [Persian]
Mirakhor, Abbas; & Askari, Hossein. (2010). Islam and the path to human and economic development. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY.
Rafiei Mehrabadi, Abolghasem. (1352/1973). “Āsār-e melli-ye Esfahān” (National monuments of Isfahan). Tehran: Anjoman-e Āsār-e Melli (Society for the National Heritage of Iran). [Persian]
Riahi, Mohammad Hossein. (1375/1996). “Mašāhir-e zanān-e Esfahān” (Famous women of Isfahan). Esfahān: Edāre-ye Koll-e Eršād-e Eslāmi (Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance Directorate). [Persian]
Salimifar, Mostafa. (1370/1991). “Negāhi be vaqf va āsār-e eqtesādi-ejtemā’ee-ye ān” (A look at waqf and its economic-social effects). Mašhad: Bonyād-e Pažuheš-hā-ye Eslāmi-ye Āstān-e Qods-e Razavi (Islamic Research Foundation of Astane Quds Razavi). [Persian]
Sefatgol, Mansour.   (1381/2002).   “Sāxtār-e nahād va andiše-ye dini dar Irān-e Safavi” (Religious institution and thought during the Safavid Iran). Tehrān: Xadamāt-e Farhangi-ye Rasā. [Persian]
Articles
Ahmadi, Nozhat.   (1376/1997).   “Vaqf-nāme-hā-ye bānovān dar dowre-ye Safavi” (Women’s donation letters in the Safavid period). Faslnāme-ye Vaqf Mirās-e Javidān (Waqf, Eternal Legacy), issue no. 3 & 4. [Persian]
Ahmadi, Nozhat.   (1380/2001).   “Zanān-e vāqef dar pāytaxt-e Safavi” (Donating women in the Safavid capital). In “Majmu’e-maqālāt-e Hamāyeš-e Esfahān va Safavi” (Collection of Isfahan and Safavid dynasty conference papers) (vol. 1). [Persian]
Ahmadi, Nozhat.   (1388/2009).   “Nejāt-e farzand agize-ee barāye vaqf (Tahlili bar vaqf-nāme-ye mādar-e Šāh Soleymān” (Saving one’s child as a motive for endowment (An analysis of the endowment letter written by King Suleiman’s mother)). In “Zan dar tārix-e eslām: Majmu’e-maqālāt-e seminar-e bein-ol-melali-ye zan dar tārix-e eslām (Az qarn-e haftom tā sizdahom-e Hejri)” (Women in the history of Islam: A collection of articles of the international seminar on women in the history of Islam (from the 7th to the 13th century AH / 13th to 19th century AD)). [Persian]
Andreoni, James. (1989). “Giving with impure altruism: applications to charity and Ricardian equivalence”. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 97, No. 6, pp. 1447-1458.
Andreoni, James. (1990). “Impure altruism and donations to public goods: a theory of warm-glow giving”. Economic Journal, Vol. 100, No. 401, pp. 464-477.
Andreoni, James; Bernheim, B. Douglas. (2009). “Social image and the 50–50 norm: a theoretical and experimental analysis of audience effects”. Econometrica, Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 1607-1636.
Arjah, Akram. (1391/2012). “Mowqufāt-e zanān dar dowre-ye Safavi va Osmāni” (Women endowments during the Safavid dynasty and the Ottoman empire). Tārix-e Ravābet-e Xvreji (Foreign Relations History), issues 52 & 53, pp. 1-12. [Persian]
Becker, Gary S. (1974). “A theory of social interactions”. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 82, No. 6, pp. 1063-1093.
Chapra, M. Umer. (1999). “Islam and economic development: A discussion within the framework of Ibn Khaldun’s philosophy of history”. Proceedings of the Second Harvard University Forum on Islamic Finance: Islamic Finance into the 21st Century (pp. 23-30). Cambridge, Massachusetts. Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University.
Crumpler, Heidi; & Grossman, Philip J. (2008). “An experimental test of warm glow giving”. Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 92, No. 5-6, pp. 1011-1021.
DellaVigna, Stefano; List, John A; & Malmendier, Ulrike. (2009). “Testing for altruism and social pressure in charitable giving”. NBER Working Paper, No. 15629, available at: www.nber.org/papers/w15629.pdf (accessed 21 March 2017).
Harbaugh, William. T. (1998), “What do donations buy? A model of philanthropy based on prestige and warm glow”. Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 269-284.
Heidari, Parisa. (2022). “The role of women in the development of endowment in Islamic lands – A case study: women acquaintances in Safavid and Ottoman rule”. Conference: DHS: Hidden Histories: Gender in Design seminarAt: London.
Heidarian, Zahra. (1388/2009). “Zanān-e vāqef dar ‘asr-e Safavi” (Endowing women in the Safavid era). Faslnāme-ye Vaqf Mirās-e Javidān (Waqf, Eternal Legacy), 17(66), pp. 48-59. [Persian]
Iman, Mohammad Taghi; & Noshadi, Mahmoudreza. (1390/2011). “Tahlil-e mohtavā-ye keyfi” (Qualitative content analysis). Pažuheš, 3(2), pp. 15-44. [Persian]
Khosravi, Mohammadali. (1374/1995). “Nun val-qalam: Mowqufāt-e zanān dar Irān” (Women’s endowments in Iran). Faslnāme-ye Vaqf Mirās-e Javidān (Waqf, Eternal Legacy), 3(10), pp. 4-7. [Persian]
Kondracki, Nancy L; & Wellman, Nancy S. (2002). “Content analysis: Review of methods and their applications in nutrition education”. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, Volume 34, Issue 4, pp. 224-230.
Mayr, Ulrich; Harbaugh, William T; & Tankersley, Dharol. (2009). “Neuroeconomics of charitable giving and philanthropy”. In: (Glimcher, Paul W. and Fehr, Ernst. (Eds)), Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain (pp. 303-320). Academic Press, London.
Mehrizi, Mehdi. (1389/2010). “Darāmadi bar moqufāt-e zanān” (An introduction on women’s endowments). Faslnāme-ye Vaqf Mirās-e Javidān (Waqf, Eternal Legacy), 69, pp. 27-48. [Persian]
Poole, M. Scott; & Folger, Joseph P. (1981). “Modes of observation and the validation of interaction analysis schemes”. Small Group Behavior. Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 477-493.
Riahi, Mohammad Hossein. (1389/2010). “Mowqufāt-e māndegār-e banovān az Esfahān-e ‘asr-e Safavi” (Permanent endowments of women from Isfahan in the Safavid era). Faslnāme-ye Vaqf Mirās-e Javidān (Waqf, Eternal Legacy), 71, pp. 143-168. [Persian]
Sadeq, A. (1987). “Economic development in Islam”. IIUM Journal of Economis and Management, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 35-45.
Shateri, Mofid; & Arezoumandan, Razieh. (1391/2012). “Barresi-ye ravand-e taqyirāt-e naqš va jāygāh-e moqufāt-e zanān az dowre-ye Safavi tā ‘asr-e hazer (Motāle’e-ye moredi-ye šahrestān-hā-ye Birjand, Darmiyān, Sarbišeh)” (The role and status of women in Vaghf institutions from Safavi until contemporary era (Case study: Birjand, Darmiyan, Sarbishe)). Zan dar Farhang va Honar (Woman in Culture and Art), 4(1), pp. 5-23. [Persian]
Zarrinbaf Shahr, Fariba. (1384/2005). “Fa’āliyat-hā-ye eqtesādi-ye zanān-e Safavi dar ziyāratgāh-e šahr-e Ardebil” (Economic activities of Safavid women in the shrine of Ardabil). Translated by Mohammad Morvar. Name-ye Tārix-pažuhān, 1(3). [Persian]
 
Ganjine-ye Asnad
Volume 33, Issue 3 - Serial Number 131
September 2023
Pages 26-50

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 02 May 2023
  • Revise Date: 10 May 2023
  • Accept Date: 08 September 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics