Gums and Resins in Glass Plate Negatives of Qajarid Period Held at the Golestan Palace Photo Archive

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MA of Chemistry-Physics, Research Institute for the Protection and Restoration of Historical and Cultural Monuments, Tehran, I. R. Iran

2 Master of Restoration of Historical and Cultural Objects, Golestan Palace, Tehran, I. R. Iran

Abstract

Purpose: The use of resins and gums in historical art works has been considered for a long time. These materials were used for a variety of purposes in different arts such as painting, calligraphy, gilding, architectural decorations and even buildings. Resins and gums were also used photography. The present study carried out by examining the photographic glass plates of the album house of the Golestan Palace collection to identify the role of gums and resins in the production of Qajarid black-and-white glass plate negatives.
 
Method and Research Design:  Data was collected using FTIR method fornon-destructive chemical analysis. Also, historical technical literature was reviewed for additional data.
Findings and Conclusions: As expected, the use of different resins and gums such as Arabic gum and shellac in different parts of the glass plate negatives has been common.  Some cases were identified to be different from those mentioned in the historical technical literature. These materials have been used as a varnish layer, pre-retouch, post-retouch coating, as well as adhesives.

Main Subjects

References

 
 
 
English translation of references
Archival documents
 
Books
Coppen, J. J. W. (1995). Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin (1st ed.). Rome: Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations on Preservation and Access.
Gernsheim, Helmut. (1962). Creative photography: Aesthetic trends, 1839-1960. Dover Publications, INC: New York.
McCabe, Constance. (2005). Coatings on photographs: Materials, techniques, and conservation (1st ed.). Washington D.C.: American Institute for Conservation.
Mrhar, Peter. (2015). Mastering gum print - Book 1: Monochrome printing (Historical and alternative photography) (Vol. 1). New York: CreateSpace Independent Publishing.
Rahimi, Abbas. (1391/2012). “Qājāriyehvaāmuzeš-e akkāsi” (Qajar and photography education) (1st ed.). Tehran: FarzānRuz. [Persian]
Zoka, Yahya. (1376/1997). “Tārix-e akkāsivaakkāsān-e pišgāmdarIrān” (The history of photography and pioneer photographers) (1st ed.). Tehran: Šerkat-e Ofset. [Persian]
Articles
Brambilla, Laura; Riedo, Chiara; Baraldi, Cecilia; Nevin, Austin; Gamberini, Maria Cristina; D’Andrea, Cosimo; Chiantore, Oscar; Goidanich, Sara; &Toniolo, Lucia. (2011). “Characterization of fresh and aged natural ingredients used in historical ointments by molecular spectroscopic techniques: IR, Raman and fluorescence”. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 401(6), pp 1827–1837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5168-z.
Bruni, Silvia; Guglielmi, Vittoria. (2014). “Identification of archaeological triterpenic resins by the non-separative techniques FTIR and 13C NMR: the case of Pistacia resin (mastic) in comparison with frankincense”. Spectrochimica acta. Part A: Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy, 121, pp 613–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.098.
Granzotto, Clara; Arslanoglu, Julie; Rolando, Christian; Tokarski, Caroline. (2017). “Plant gum identification in historic artworks”. Scientific Reports, 7, pp 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44538.
Khairuddin; Pramono, Edi; Utomo, Suryadi Budi; Wulandari, Viki; A’AnZahrotul, W.; &Clegg, Francis. (2016). “The effect of polyethylene glycol on shellac stability”. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 107 (1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/107/1/012066.
Jaki,Ziba&Ebadi, Taghi. (1396/2015). “Āšnāyibāsamq-hā-ye giyāhi” (Review on plant gums:Gum Arabic, Gum Tragacanth, Gum Karaya). Majalle-ye Bāqdār, 114, pp. 11-18. [Persian]
McCormick-Goodhart, Mark H. (1989). “Research on collodion glass plate negatives: Coating thickness and FTIR identification of varnishes”. In, Robin E.Siegel (Ed.),Topics in photographic preservation (Vol. 3, pp. 135–150). Washington, DC: American Institute for Conservation.
Mills, John S.; &White, Raymond. (1977). “Natural resins of art and archaeology:Their sources, chemistry, and identification”. Studies in Conservation, 22(1), pp. 12-31. https://doi:10.2307/1505670.
Nemati Babaylou, Ali; Azadi Bouyaghchi, Mehrnaz; Najafi, Farhoud; Mohammadi Achachlouyi, Mohsen. (1395/2016). “Moruri bar šenāsāyi-e razin-hā-ye diterpen’eeddarverni-ye āsār-e honari be raveš-e teyf-sanji-ye mādun-e qermez-e tabdil-e Fouriyeh” (Review on identification of diterpenoid resins in artworks varnishes by FTIR). Majalle-ye Pažuhe-ye Bāstān-sanji (Journal of Research on Archaeometry), 2(1), pp. 67-80. [Persian]
Nouhi, Sahar; Asadian, Zahra; &Niazi, Fathollah. (1398/2019). “Rutuš, mavādvafonun-e āndarnagātiv-hā-yrakkāsi-ye pāye-šiše-ee-ye Kāx-e Golestān|” (Materials and techniques used for retouch of glass plate negatives held at the Golestan Palace). Ganjine-ye Asnād, 29(4), 116, (Winter of 1398/2019), pp. 186-205. [Persian]
Prati, Silivia; Sciutto, Giorgia’ Mazzeo, Rocco; Torri, Cristian; &Fabbri, Daniele. (2011). “Application of ATR-far-infrared spectroscopy to the analysis of natural resins”. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 399(9), pp 3081–3091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-4388-y.
Remazeilles, Celine; Veronique, Rouchon-Quillet; Bernard, J.; Calligaro, Thomas; Dran, Jean-Claude; Pichon, Laurent; Salomon, J.; &Eveno, Myriam. (2005). “Influence of gum Arabic on iron-gall ink corrosion part II: Observation and elemental analysis of originals”. Restaurator, 26(2), pp 118–133.
Soltani, Zahra; FarahmandBoroujeni, Hamid; Abed Esfahani, Abbas; & Ahmadi, Hossein. (1394/2015). “Naqš-e afzudani-hā bar keyfiat-e morakkab-e Irāni: Motāle’e-ye moredi-ye hanāvanamak” (The effects of additives on Iranian ink: Henna and salt). Fasl-nāme-ye Ganjine-ye Asnād, 25(3), pp. 128-148. [Persian]
Teramoto, Naozumi; Hayashi, Akihiko; Yamanaka, Kaori; Sakiyama, Asako; Nakano, Asuka; &Shibata, Mitsuhiro. (2012). “Preparation and mechanical properties of photo-crosslinked fish gelatin/imogolite nanofiber composite hydrogel”. Materials, 5(12), pp. 2573–2585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5122573.
Dissertation
Derry, Juliane. (2012). “Investigating Shellac: Documenting the process, defining the product: A study on the processing methods of Shellac, and the analysis of selected physical and chemical characteristics”. (Project-Based Master’s Thesis), The Institute of Archeology, Conservation and History Faculty of Humanities University of Oslo.
 
 
 
Ganjine-ye Asnad
Volume 31, Issue 3 - Serial Number 123
October 2021
Pages 160-180

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 12 August 2020
  • Revise Date: 17 August 2020
  • Accept Date: 02 May 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics