Arak during the World War I: Social and Economic Consequences

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor,, Department of History, Arak University, Arak, I. R. Iran

2 Assistant Professor, , Department of History, Arak University, Arak, I. R. Iran

3 Ph.D. Lecturer, Frhangian of Arak University, Arak, I. R. Iran

Abstract

Purpose: Soltanabad (present name: Arak), located in the heart of mid-western of Iran is which in the past called Eragh-e Ajam (=Iraq of Persia). Soon after the beginning of WWI Soltanabad became a cross-road of foreign forces.  This article reports the impact of the presence of these forces in the region and its consequences for Soltanabad.
Method and Research Design: Archival documents and library resources were consulted to collect data for analysis.
Findings and Conclusion: Presence of foreign forces disrupted normal life of the region.  The demand for local agricultural products, insecurity of roads, and drought led to food shortage and sharp rise in prices, resulted in with wide-spread famine. Also, cities like Tehran, Qom and Isfahan which imported agricultural products from the region also came under pressure.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

English Translation of References
Documents
Archival documents
Ketāb-xāne, Muze va Markaz-e Asnād-e Majles-e Šorā-ye Eslāmi (Kemām) (Library, Museum and Document Center of Iran Parliament):
Document numbers: 3/198/29/7; 3/198/29/8; 4/43/22/3; 4/43/22/15; 4/44/22/66; 4/44/22/89; 4/166/22/45; 178/5243.[Persian]
Sāzmān-e Asnād va Ketābxāne-ye Melli-ye Irān (Sākmā) (National Library and Archives Organization of Iran):
Document numbers: 210/1084; 240/1084; 240/3871; 240/5748; 240/9895; 240/10512; 240/47067; 290/1405; 290/2426; 291/1121; 296/18627.[Persian]
Books
“Asnād-e jang-e avval-e jahāni dar Irān” (Documents of the First World War in Iran). (1370/1991). Edited by Behrouz Ghotbi. Tehran: Entešārāt-e Vezārat-e Eršād (Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance Publications).[Persian]
Dehgan,Ebrahim. (1371/1992). “Tārix-e Arāk” (The history of Arak city) (vol.3). Arāk: Farhang-e Šahrestān-e Arāk.[Persian]
DowlatAbadi, Yahya. (1362/1983). “Hayāt-e Yahyā” (Yahya’s life) (vol. 1). Tehran: ‘Attar. [Persian]
Keykhosro, Arbab. (1382/2003). “Ketāb-e xāterāt-e arbābKeyxosrow Šāhrox” (The memoirs of Keikhosrow Shahrokh). Edited by Shahrokh Shahrokh, &RashnaWriter. Translated by Gholam Hossein Mirza Saleh. Tehran: Našr-e Māziār.[Persian]
Lambton, Ann Katharine Swynford. (1362/1983). “Mālekvazāre’ darIrān” (Landlord and peasant in Persia: A study of land tenure and land revenue administration). Translated by Manouchehr Amiri. Tehran: Entešārāt-e ‘ElmivaFarhangi (ElmiFarhangi Publishing Co.). [Persian]
Majd, Mohammad Gholi. (1387/2008). “Qahti-ye bozorg 1296-1298 SH / 1917-1919” (The great famine genocide in Iran: 1917-1919). Translated by Mohammad Karimi. Tehran: Mo’assese-ye Motāle’ātvaPažuheš-hā-ye Siāsi (Political Studies and Research Institute). [Persian]
“Majmou’e-ye mosavvabāt-e advār-e avval va dovvom-e qānun-gozāri-ye Majles-e Šorā-ye Melli: Mozākerāt-e Majles-e Šorā-ye Melli” (Collection of approvals of the first and second legislative periods of the National Consultative Assembly: Negotiations of the National Consultative Assembly), (1329 AH/1911) (2nd term). (1318/1939). Tehran: Majles-e Šorā-ye Melli (National Consultative Assembly), Edāre-ye Qavānin va Matbu’āt. [Persian]
Miroshnikov، Lev Ivanovich. (1357/1978). “Irān dar jang-e jahāni-ye avval” (Iran in World War I; lectures read at Harvard University in November 1962). Translated by Ali Dokhaniati. Tehran: Farzāneh.[Persian]
Moberly, Frederick James. (1369/1990). “Amaliāt dar Irān” (Operations in Persia, 1914-1919). Translated by Kaveh Bayat. Tehran: Našr-e Rasā. [Persian]
Mohtat, Mohammad Reza. (1372/1993). “Simā-ye Arāk” (The face of Arak City: A sociology) (vol. 4). Arak: Self-published.[Persian]
Mokhtari, Habibollah. (1326/1947). “Tārix-e bidāri-ye Irān” (The history of Iran Awakening). Tehran: Dānešgāh-e Tehrān (University of Tehran). [Persian]
Salour, Ghahreman Mirza. (1374/1995). “Ruznāme-ye xāterāt-e ‘Eynossaltaneh” (The daily memoirs of Eyn Al-Saltaneh) (vol. 2). Edited by Masoud Salour & IrajAfshar. Tehran: Asātir. [Persian]
Sepehr, Ahmad Ali. (1362/1983). “Irān dar jang-e bozorg 1914-1918” (Iran in the big World War1914-1918). Tehran: Adib. [Persian]
VakiliTabatabaeiTabrizi, Reza. (1395/2016). “Tārix-e ‘Arāq: Soltānābād-e ‘Arāq, Arāk”. Reviewed by Mohammad Madadi. Tehran: Āyandegān.[Persian]
ZandiHaghighi, Manouchehr. (1348/1969). “Nazarie-hā-ye eqtesādi dar qarn-e bistom” (Les theories economiques duXXe siècle) [20th century economic theories] (vol. 1). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Dānešgāh-e Tehrān (University of Tehran Press) (UTP). [Persian]
Articles
Jiryaei, Mahdi; Moftakhari, Hossein; & SoleimaniMehranjani, Mohammad. (1397/2018). “Barresi vatahlil-e tejārat-e dāxelivaxāreji-ye Soltānābād-e ‘Arāq: 1324 tā 1320 AH / 1906 tā 1941 AD” (Analysis of Domestic and foreign trade of Sultan Abad in Iraq (Arak) (1324 AH /1906 AD -1360 AH /1941 AD)). Fasl-nāme-ye Pažuheš-hā-ye Tārixi (Journal of Historical Researches), new volume, 10(2), series number 38, pp. 81-99.[Persian]
Motevalli, Abdollah. (1386/2007). “Xāterāt-e EhsānollāhXān-e Dust-dār” (Memoirs of Ehsanollah Khan Doustdar). Fasl-nāme-ye Motāle’āt-e Tārixi, 4(16), pp. 10-81.[Persian]
Newspapers
Ruznāme-ye Jangal (Jangal Magazine), issue number 3, (1336/1957).[Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Xāvar (KhavarNewspaper), issue number 3, (1338/1959).[Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Xāvar(KhavarNewspaper), issue number 35, (1334/1955).[Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Asr-e Jadid (Asr-e Jadid Newspaper), issue number 19, (1334/1955).[Persian]
 
 
 
 
 

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 08 January 2019
  • Revise Date: 19 January 2019
  • Accept Date: 23 July 2019

Share

How to cite

Statistics