The Role of Social Security Commission in 1960s Land Reform of Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of History, Research Institute of Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution, Tehran, I. R. Iran

Abstract

Purpose: The Iranian government in the early 1960s implemented a thorough land reform policy. Oposition to the policy increased due to hasty implementation of the law and the lack of justification of the target community. The government used the Social Security and Exile Commission to supress the opposition.
Method and Research Design: A wide range of archival documents and published resources, were used ot collect data.
Finding and Conclusion: The Commission exile punishment to supress the opposition. The main reason for that was the fact that landlords did not recive their share of harvest and disruption disruption occurred in agricultural activities. The number of exiles diminished as opposition ceased to continue except in few cases as both landlords and farmers accepted new conditions. A bill passed the national parliament to pardon those who were exiled. Overall, the performance of the Social Security Commission  was successful in its mandate.

Keywords

Main Subjects


English Translation of References
Documents
Sāzmān-e Asnād va Ketābxāne-ye Melli-ye Irān (Sākmā) (National Library and Archives of Iran):
293-6904; 293-12973; 293-12975; 293-12976; 293-23332; 293-24709; 293-30837; 293-35529; 293-38529; 293-55462; 293-60004; 293-65029; 350/2858; 91/293/13; 91/293/107; 91/293/372; 91-293-413; 91/293/477; 91/293/564//; 91/293/1558; 91/293/1802; 91/293/1813; 91/293/1832; 91/293/1894; 91/293/1924; 91/293/1926; 91/293/2508; 91/293/2574; 97/293/5004; 97-364-166; 97/293/1206; 97/293/5286; 97/293/5465; 98-293-1754; 98-293-7347; 98/293/8461; 98-293-10051; 99-293-927; 99-293-1311; 99-293-1313; 99-293-1755; 99-298-2923; 99-293-3220; 99-293-3810; 99-293-6247; 99-293-6533; 99-293-7804; 99-293-9792.[Persian]
Books
Arsanjani, Hassan. (1341, Esfand / 1963, March). “Avvalin kongere-ye melli-ye šerkat-hā-ye ta’āvoni-ye rustāyi-ye Irān” (The first national congress of rural cooperatives of Iran). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Sāzmān-e Ettelā’āt-e Vezārat-e Jahād-e Kešāvarzi (Ministry of Agriculture -Jahad).[Persian]
Ashraf, Ahmad; & BanouAzizi, Ali. (1388/2009). “Tabaqāt-e ejtemā’ee, dowlat va enqelāb-eIrān dar Irān” (Social classes, state and revolution in Iran: A collection of essays). Translated by Soheila TorabiFarsani. Tehran: Nilufar.[Persian]
Bazyar, Homataj. (1350/1971). “Šāh va enqelāb-e sefid, jeld-e 3: Eslāhāt-e arzi, šerkat-e ta’āvoni roustāyi, šerkat-e sahāmi-ye zerā’ee” (Shah and the White Revolution, Volume 3: Land reform, rural cooperative company, agricultural joint stock company). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Edāre-ye koll-e Negāreš-e Vezārat-e Farhang va Honar (Publications of the Ministry of Culture and Arts).[Persian]
Farmān-e homāyouni rāje’ be taqsim-e amlāk-e saltanati be enzemām-e majmou’e qavānin va moqarrarāt marbut be Eslāhāt-e arzi va vazāyef-e vezārat-e ta’āvon va omur-e rustā-hā” (The royal decree on the division of royal property, including the set of laws and regulations related to land reform and the duties of the Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural Affairs). (1351/1972). Tehran: n. p.[Persian]
Hooglund, Eric James. (1982). “Zamin va Enqelāb dar Irān” (Land and revolution in Iran, 1960 - 1980). Translated by FirouzehMohajer. Tehran: Pardis-e Dāneš.[Persian]
Huntington, Samuel P. (1968). “Sāmān-e siāsi dar javāme’-e dastxoš-e degarguni” (Political order in changing societies) (5th ed.). translated by Mohsen Solasi. Tehran: Našr-e ‘Elm.[Persian]
James, Alban, Bill. (1972). The  politics of Iran: Groups, classes and modernization. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill.
Lambton, Ann K. S. (1969). The Persian land reform, 1962–1966. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Pahlavi, Mohammadreza. (n. d.). “Enqelāb-e sefid” (The White Revolution). [n. p.]: n. p.[Persian]
Rāhnamā-ye Ma’murān-e Eslāhāt-e arzi” (A guide for land reform officers). (1344/1965). Tehran: Entešārāt-eSāzmān-e Eslāhāt-e Arzi-ye Koll-e Kešvar (Publications of the Land Reform Organization).[Persian]
Salour, Abbas. (1394/2015). “Goftegu bā Abbās-e Sālur” (Interview with Abbas Salour). Edited by Morteza Rasoulipour. Tehran: Mo’assese-ye Motāle’āt-e Tārix-e Mo’āser-e Irān (Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies).[Persian]
Sāzmān-e  Eslāhāt-e  Arzi (Land Reform Organization). (1342/1963). “Gozāreš-e avval-e Bahman tā pāyān-e Šahrivar-e 1342” (The report of Bahman first, 1340 (January 21st, 1962) to the end of Shahrivar, 1342 (September, 1963)). Tehran: Sāzmān-e Eslāhāt-e Arzi (Land Reform Organization).[Persian]
Sāzmān-e  Eslāhāt-e  Arzi (Land Reform Organization). (1350/1971). “Gozāreš-e  sāl-e 1340-1350” (The report of the year 1961 to 1971). Tehran: Sāzmān-e Eslāhāt-e Arzi (Land Reform Organization).[Persian]
Sāzmān-e  Čerik-hā-ye  Fadā’ee-ye  Xalq (The Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas). (1358/1979). “Mas’ale-ye arz idar Vietnām” (Land issue in Vietnam). Tehran: Sāzmān-e Čerik-hā-ye Fadā’ee-ye Xalq (The Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas).[Persian]
Tahlili az šarāyet-e jāme’e-ye roustāyi dar Irān, mobārezin-e rāh-e ārmān-e kārgar” (An analysis of the conditions of the rural society in Iran, fighters of the worker’s gaols). (1357/1978). [n. p.]: n. p.[Persian]
Warriner, Doreen. (1969). Land reform in principle and practice. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Wilson, Andrew. (1359/1980). “Komonism: Va’deh va amal” (Communism: Promise and practice). Tehran: Nehzat-e Āzādi-ye Rahbari-ye Irān (Freedom Movement of Iran) (FMI). [Persian]
Xāterāt-e doktor Ali Amini” (Dr Ali Amini’s memoirs). (1986). Interviewed by HormozHekmat, Paris.[Persian]
Zhukor,  IurriAleksandrovich et al. (1357/1978). “Zarurat-e eslāhāt-e arzi va ejtemā’ee dar jahān-e sevvom” (Необходимостьземельной и социальнойреформы в странахтретьегомира) [The need for land and social reform in the Third World]. Translated by Hossein AsadpourPiranfar. Tehran: n. p.[Persian]
Articles
Gholizadeh, Mohammadreza; Saeedinia, Habibollah; &Shahvand, Ali. (1397/2019, Winter). “Yeknemunehazmavāne’-e bar sar-e rāh-e Eslāhāt-e arzi: Qatl-e ra’ees-e Eslāhāt-e arzi-ye FirouzabaddarĀbān-e 1341” (Barriers to land reform based in Iran: The case of the murder of government official MalekAabedi). Ganjine-ye Asnād, 28(4), pp. 52-87.[Persian]
NiazmanShirazi, Yadollah. (1344/1965). “Mavāred-e extelāf-e mālek va zāre’” (Cases ofdispute between owner and farmer). In “Rāhnamā-ye Ma’murān-e Eslāhāt-e arzi” (A guide for land reform officers). Tehran: Sāzmān-e Eslāhāt-e Arzi (Land Reform Organization).[Persian]
“Prime Minister Ali Amini”. (1963). Quoted in Donald Newton Wilber, Contemporary Iran. New York: Praeger.
Newspapers
Erāde-ye Āzarbāyejān, issue number: 458 (1341/4/23 – 1962/7/14).[Persian]
Ettehād-e Melli newspaper, issue number: 1718 (1341/4/26 – 1962/7/17).[Persian]
Ettelā’āt newspaper,issue number:10556 (1340/4/26 – 1962/7/17); 10557 (1340/4/27 – 1962/7/18); 10847 (1341/4/23 – 1962/7/14); 10922 (1341/7/22 – 1962/10/14); 10958 (1341/9/4 – 1962/11/25); 11017 (1341/11/16 – 1963/2/5); 11019 (1341/11/18 – 1963/2/7).[Persian]
Diplomat newspaper, issue number: 407 (1341/5/3 – 1962/7/25).[Persian]
Keyhān Internašnāl newspaper, issue number: February 3, 1973.[Persian]
Keyhān newspaper, issue number: 5810 (1341/9/4 –1962/11/25); 5869 (1341/11/16 – 1963/2/5).[Persian]
Mard-e Mobārez newspaper, issue number: 545 (1341/2/29 –1962/5/19).[Persian]