Russia's land annexation attempts in north and northeast of Iran after the Akhal treaty of 1881 until the collapse of the Tsarist Regime

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Studant,, Department of History, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, I. R. Iran

2 Associate professor, Department of History, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, I. R. Iran,(Corresponding Author)

3 Professor, Department of History, Isfahan University, Isfahan, I.R.Iran

Abstract

Purpose: This paper investigates the different tchniqueses employed by the Russians to implement their policy of annexing Iranian territory on the southeast of the Caspian Sea following in the late 19th Century until the October Revolution of 1917.
Method and Research Design: This study is based on archival and published documents.  
Findings and Conclusion: The Russian emperialism long dreaming to extend its territory southward to outreach to the open sea in rivalary to the British influence in southern Asia, trried ways to expand its presence in the southeast Caspian Sea Iranian territory by calining ownership of bitas a pieces of lands. This took place by, for example, changing the borders, launchimg territorial clains after capturing Turkmen region, provoking Turkmen tribes to call for Russian citizenship, capturing farms, as well as buying real estates.

Keywords

Main Subjects


English Translation of References
Documents
Markaz-e Asnād va Tārix-e Diplomāsi-ye Vezārat-e Omur-e Xāreje (Ostādox) (Department of Diplomatic Documents and History of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs):
        1318/1939, box 11, folder 11, document number: 8.
        1326/1947, box 24, folder 2, document number: 6, 15 & 16.
        1332/1953, box 51, folder 94, document number: 3, 4, 8, 12, 16 & 17.
        Supplementary, box 65, document number: 28, 51, 54, 56, 66, 78, 104, 126, 171, 268, 278, 281 & 323.
Supplementary, box 66, document number: 44, 75, 78, 108, 153, 155, 194.
Supplementary, box 126, document number: 99, 256, 258, 294, 324, 481, 526.
Supplementary, box 127, document number: 202, 228, 247, 341, 342. [Persian]
Sāzmān-e Asnād va Ketābxāne-ye Melli-ye Irān (Sākmā) (National Library and Archives Organization of Iran):
        Box 1095, folder 210-1102, document number: 4.
        Box 1095, folder 210-1102, document number: 13.
        Box 1095, folder 240-14429, document number: 16.
        Box 1095, folder 240-91999, document number: 8.
        Box 1095, folder 240-91922, document number: 11. [Persian]
Ghaziha, Fatemeh. (1380/2001). “Asnād-e ravābet-e Irān va Rusieh: Az dowre-ye Nāser-ed-Din Šāh tā soqut-e Qājārieh” (Documents of Iran - Russia relations from Nasserddin shah’s period to the end of Qajar). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Vezārat-e Omur-e Xārejeh (Center for International Research and Education of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) (CIRE). [Persian]
Kavousi Araghi, Mohammad Hassan. (1373/1994). “Morāselāt-e dar bāb-e Āsiā-ye markazi” (Correspondence on Central Asia). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Vezārat-e Omur-e Xārejeh (Center for International Research and Education of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) (CIRE). [Persian]
Nouri, Mostafa & Saraylou, Ashraf. (1390/2011). “Asnād-e Astar Ābād va Dašt-e Gorgān dar dowre-ye mašrutiat” (Documents of Astarabad and Gorgan plain during the constitutional period). Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād-e Majles-e Šorā-ye Eslāmi (Library, Museum and Document Center of Iran Parliament). [Persian]
Safayi, Ebrahim. (2535/1956). “Asnād-e siāsi-ye dowre-ye Qājārieh” (Political documents of Qajar period). Tehran: Bābak. [Persian]
Safayi, Ebrahim. (1362/1983). “Gozāreš-hā-ye siāsi-ye Alā’-ol-Molk” (Ala al-Molk’s political reports). Tehran: Ābād. [Persian]
Books
Curzon, George Nathaniel. (1380/2001). “Irān va qazie-ye Irān” (Persia and the Persian question). Translated by Gholam Ali Vahid Mazandarani. Tehran: Entešārāt-e ‘Elmi Farhangi. [Persian]
Mirnia, Seyyed Ali. (1373/1994). “Vaqāye’-e xāvar-e Irān dar dowre-ye Qājār” () (2nd ed.). Mashhad: Ardešir. [Persian]
Articles
Nouraei, Morteza & Andreeva, Elena. (1388/ 2010). “Mohājerān’e Rus va eskān-e ān-hā dar Irān-e avāyel-e qarn-e bistom: Marhale-ye digari az este’mār” (Russian migrants and their settlements in Iran in the early 20th century: A new stage of colonization). Pažuheš-hā-ye Tārixi (Journal of Historical Researches), 4, pp. 21-36. [Persian]
Nouraei, Morteza & Saadat, Mina. (1389/ 2011). “Tabyin-e mālekiat-e Rus-hā dar se šahr-e Rašt, Tabriz va Astar Ābād 1318-1340 AH / 1900-1921 AD” (Illumination of the ownership of Russians in three cities: Rasht, Tabriz and Astarabad (1900 - 1921)). Ganjine-ye Asnād, 78, pp. 12-30. [Persian]