Barriers facing the implementation of the law of national identity card in Balochistan

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of History, University of Iranshahr Province

2 Associate Professor, History, Kharazmi University, Tehran, I. R. Iran

Abstract

Purpose: This paper reports the Baluch population of Iran resistance to the law of national identity card in the 1930s
Method and Research Design: Data for this research eas collected from archival and library resources as well as an interview with informants.
Findings and Conclusion: Implementation took place in two stages.  In the first stages, some parts of the population accepted their national ID cards voluntarily. The second stage was carried out in a compulsory fashion backed by the army and security forces. As a result, a great number of people refused to obtain ID cards. Many migrated to India, Zanzibar, and Oman, and some fled to the mountains and remote areas in the region.

Keywords

Main Subjects


English Translation of References
Documents
Edāre-ye Asnād va Tārix-e Diplomāsi-ye Vezārat-e Omur-e Xāreje (Ostādox) (Department of diplomatic documents and history of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs):
1323AH/1906AD Documents, Box 15, Folder 14, p. 43;
1302AH/1885AD Documents, Box 50, Folder 1, p. 9;
1302AH/1885AD Documents, Box 50, Folder 1, p. 16; [Persian]
 
Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (Marāsān):
Document numbers 00339101; 00339102; 00339103; 00339104; 00339105; 00339108; 00339109. [Persian]
Sāzmān-e Asnād va Ketābxāne-ye Melli-ye Irān (Sākmā) (National Library and Archives Organization of Iran):
Document number 230-009104-0021; Document number 240/1247; Retrieval ID 07421/1/31. [Persian]
Ketāb-xāne, Muze va Markaz-e Asnād-e Majles-e Šorā-ye Eslāmi (Kemām) (Library, Museum and Document Center of Iran Parliament):
Document number 1000115588; Document number 00003-11202-23; Document number 6444562035; Document number 6444562038. [Persian]
Mo’assese-ye Motāle’āt va Pažuheš-hā-ye Siāsi (Political Studies and Research Institute):
1301/1922 Documents, Folder 10, without page number; 1302/1923 Documents, Folder 16, without page number; 1302/1923 Documents, Folder 18, p. 39; 1302/1923 Documents, Folder 18, p. 40; 1302/1923 Documents, Folder 18, p. 41; 1302/1923 Documents, Folder 18, p. 49. [Persian]
Edāre-ye Koll-e Sabt-e Ahvāl-e Sistān va Balučestān (Central Registration Office of Sistan and Balouchestan Province. Bāygāni va gozāreš-e dāxeli (Archive and internal report). [Persian]
Edāre-ye Sabt-e Ahvāl-e Sarāvān (Civil Registration Office of Saravan Town). (Esfand 1395/March 2017).  Gozāreš-e dāxeli va morāje’e-ye negārande be bāygāni-ye sabt-e ahvāl (Internal report and author reference to the civil registration archive). [Persian]
Edāre-ye Sabt-e Ahvāl-e Irānšahr (Civil Registration Office of Iranshahr Town). (Dey 1395/January 2017).  Gozāreš-e dāxeli va morāje’e-ye negārande be bāygāni-ye sabt-e ahvāl (Internal report and author reference to the civil registration archive). [Persian]
 
Books
Akbari, Mohammad Ali. (1384/2005). “Tabār-šenāsi-ye hoviat-e jadid-e Irāni” (The genealogy of the new Iranian identity). Tehran: Entešārāt-e ‘Elmi va Farhangi (Elmi Farhangi Publishing Co.). [Persian]
Bani Ahmad, Ahmad. (2536/1957). “Tārix-e Šāhanšāhi-ye Pahlavi-ye a’lā-hazrat Rezā Šāh-e kabir” (The Pahlavi royal history of majesty Reza Shah the Great). Tehran: No publisher. [Persian]
Borgha’ei, Mohammad. (1354/1975). “Nazari be Balučestān” (A glance at Balochistan). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Māziār (Maziar Publications). [Persian]
Borgha’ei, Mohammad. (2536/1957). “Sāzmān-e siāsi-ye hokumat-e mahalli-ye Bent” (The political organization of Bent local government). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Māziār (Maziar Publications). [Persian]
Edāre-ye Koll-e Āmār va Sabt-e Ahvāl (Central Statistics and Registration Office). (1329/1950). “Joqrāfiā va asāmi-ye dehāt-e kešvar” (The name list and geography of the villages of the country). From the journals published by Edāre-ye Āmār va Saršomāri (Bureau of Statistics and Census). Tehran: Čāp-xāne-ye Majles (Parliament Printing House). [Persian]
Farahani, Hassan. (1385/2006). “Ruz-šomār-e tārix-e mo’āser-e Irān” (Chronology of Iranian contemporary history) (vol. 1 to 3). Tehran: Mo’assese-ye Motāle’āt va Pažuheš-hā-ye Siāsi (Political Studies and Research Institute). [Persian]
Ghorab, Kamal Al-Din. (1364/1985). “Balučestān yadegār-e matrud-e qorun” (Balochistan, the castaway relic of centuries). Tehran: Keyhān. [Persian]
Hejazi, Mohammad. (1338/1959). “Mihan-e mā” (Our homeland). Tehran: Edāre-ye Koll-e Negāreš-e Vezārat-e Farhang (Press Affairs Central Office of Ministry of Culture). [Persian]
Jahanbani, Aman-Allah. (1336/1957). “Amaliāt-e qošun dar Balučestān” (Military operation in Balochistan). Tehran: Čāp-xāne-ye Arteš (Army Printing House). [Persian]
Mahozi, Alireza. (1379/2000). “Majmu’e qavānin va moqarrarāt-e sabt-e ahvāl va qavānin-e mortabet bā ān” (The collection of civil registration laws and regulations and related laws). Tehran: Entešārāt-e Sāzmān-e Sabt-e Ahvāl (Publications of National Organization for Civil Registration). [Persian]
Majmu’e-ee az qavānin, āyin-nāme-hā, dastur-ol-‘amal-hā va ravie-hā-ye sejeli” (A collection of civil registration laws, regulatory guidelines, instructions and procedures). (1369/1990). Tehran: Vezārat-e Kešvar, Daftar-e Omur-e Hoquqi-ye Hoze-ye Mo’āvenat-e Hoquqi va Sejeli (Ministry of Interior, Office of Legal Affairs, Deputy of Legal Affairs and Birth Certificate). [Persian]
Majmu’e qavānin-e mowzu’e va mosavvabāt-e dowre-ye panjom-e qānun-gozāri az 22 dalv tā 21 bahman 1304” (The collection of enacted laws and approvals in the fifth round of legislation from Aquarius 22nd to February 10th, 1926). (1350/1971). Tehran: Edāre-ye Koll-e Qavānin-e Majles-e Šorā-ye Melli (The Central Office of Regulations of National Consultative Assembly). [Persian]
Malek, Hossein. (1357/1978). “Safari dar Balučestān” (A trip inside Balochistan). Tehran: Sāzmān-e Entešārāt-e Jāvidān (Javidan Publishing Organization). [Persian]
Maleki Zaboli, Haji Khan. (1387/2008). “Xāterāt-e si sāl zendegi va kār dar Balučestan” (Memories of thirty years of life and work in Balochistan). Zahedan: Taftān. [Persian]
Mohammadi, Amir. (1395/2016). “Tārix-e sejel va sabt-e ahvāl dar Irān” (The history of birth certificate and civil registration in Iran). Tehran: Negārestān-e Andiše va Honar. [Persian]
Rahmanian, Daryush. (1391/2012). “Irān beyn-e do kudetā” (Iran between two coups). Tehran: Entešārāt-e SAMT (SAMT Publications). [Persian]
Salar Behzadi, Abd Al-Reza. (1372/1993). “Balučestān dar sāl-hā-ye 1307 tā 1317 qamari” (Balochistan between 1890 and 1900). Tehran: Bonyād-e Moqufāt-e Doktor Afšār-e Yazdi (Foundation of Doctor Afshar Yazdi’s Endowments). [Persian]
Sepahi, Abd Al-Vadoud. (1285/2006). “Balučestān dar ‘asr-e Qājār” (Balochistan in Qajar era). Qom: Golestān-e Ma’refat. [Persian]
Zahedinia, Ali. (1381/2002). “Āšnāyi bā hey’at-hā-ye hall-e extelāf dar edārāt-e sabt-e ahvāl” (Introduction to dispute resolution councils at registration offices). Mashhad: Entešārāt-e Bārsāvā (Barsava Publications). [Persian]
Zand Moghaddam, Mahmoud. (1388/2009). “Hekāyat-e Baluč” (The story of Baloch) (vol. 5). Tehran: Anjoman’e Āsār va Mafāxer-e Farhangi (Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries). [Persian]
Zand Moghaddam, Mahmoud. (1388/2009). “Hekāyat-e Baluč” (The story of Baloch) (vol. 6). Tehran: Anjoman’e Āsār va Mafāxer-e Farhangi (Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries). [Persian]
 
 
 
Newspapers
Ettelā’āt Newspaper: number 114, (Tir 28th, 1307/July 19th, 1928); number 538, (Mordād 21st, 1308/Rabi’ Al-Avval 6th, 1348/August 12th 1929), pp. 1-2; number 2438, ninth year (Thursday Esfand 23rd, 1313/March 14th 1935). [Persian]
Habl Al-Matin Newspaper: number 42, (Jamādi Al-Sāni 5th, 1325/June 7th, 1907), Kolkata; thirty-second year, number 7, (Friday Zi Al-Ghade 13th, 1343/June 5th, 1925). [Persian]
Irān Newspaper, number 1839, ninth year (Tir 1304/ July 1925), p. 2. [Persian]
 
 
Interviews
Allahyari, Doust Mohammad, son of Pirdad, 105-year-old, resident of Sinokān in Jāleq County of Sarāvān Town. Interview date: March 24th, 2009.
Bazdar, Shogri, kown as Mohandes (Engineer), resident of Čābahār. Interview date: March 11th, 2017.
Bozorgzadeh, Siavash, resident of Dezak in Sarāvān. Interview date: March 19th, 2017.
Hosseinbor, Doktor Mohammad Osman, resident of Zāhedān. Interview date: July 20th, 2017.
Iran-Doust, Abd Al-Vahhab, known as Āryā Baluč, resident of Minān in Sarbāz Town. Interview date: March 10th, 2017.
Mahmoudi, Haji Mohammad Zaman, resident of Seb va Surān. Interview date: July 20th, 2017.
Rayisi, Haji Mohammad Hossein, resident of Čābahār. Interview date: March 11th, 2017.
Rezayian, Mirza, resident of Nikšahr. Interview date: March 10th, 2017.
Rouhi Zehi, Mansour, resident of Čābahār. Interview date: March 11th, 2017.
Salehi, Osman, resident of Seb va Surān. Interview date: July 9th, 2017.
Sepahi, Haji Omid, resident of Sarāvān. Interview date: August 31st, 2016.