American Cultural and Social Activities in Iran in the Pahlavi Period (The case of Isfahan)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student, Department of History, University of Isfahan

2 Professor, Department of History, Isfahan University,

3 Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Isfahan

Abstract

Purpose: This paper explores the policies and purposes of half a century of cultural and social activities of Americans in Iran, from around 1925 to 1979.
Methodology and Research Design: A descriptive-analysis research method was used based on documents, library, press resources and interviews.
Findings and Conclusion: Activities were driven by the political interests of the United States. Promotion of American values and life style as an ideal model was pursued consistently under the cover of cultural, social, and anthropological programs for enhancing political influence. Isfahan, as an industrial and business hub of Iran, was at the center of the interest. Enjoying judicial immunity, some of the American officials engaged in activities that lead to outrage among the public.



 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

English translation of resources
 
Amini, Ali Reza.(1381/2002). Tahavvolāt-e siyāsi va ejtemā’i-ye Irān dar do[w]rān-e Pahlavi(Political and social developments of Iran in the Palavi period). Tehran: Sedā-ye Mo’āser.
 
Ansari, Abdolreza. (1391/2012). Nā-gofte-hā az ruz[e]gār-e Pahlavi-hā: xāterāt-e Abdolrezā Ansāri ( The untold history of The Palavis’ days: Abdolreza Ansari’s memoris). Introduction and edited by Mahmoud Tolouee. Tehran: Elm.
Ashna, Hesamodin. (1384/2005). “Diplomāsi-ye farhangi-ye Āmrikā dar Irān; Anjoman-e Irān va Āmrikā ( U.S. cultural diplomacy in Iran: Iran-America Society)”. Fasl-nāme-ye motāle’āt-e tārixi (Historical studies quarterly), autumn2005(9), pp. 8-45.
 
Asnād-e Ferāmāsoneri dar Irān(Freemasonry documents in Iran). (1380/2001). (vol.2). Tehran: Mo’assese-ye Motāle’āt va Pažuheš-hā-ye Siāsi.
 
Asnād-e Lāne-ye Jāsusi, vol.7: ravābet-e Āmrikā va Irān(Documents of U. S. espionage den, vol. 7: U. S. and Iran relations). (1373/1994). Prepared by Dānešjuyān-e Mosalmān-e Peyro[w]-e Xat-e Emām. Tehran: Markaz-e Našr-e Asnād-e Lāne-ye Jāsusi-ye Āmrikā.
 
Asnād-e Lāne-ye Jāsusi, vol.13: Dexālat-hāye Āmrikā dar Irān (Documents of U. S. espionage den, vol. 7: U. S. interfering in Iran). (1373/1994). Prepared by Dānešjuyān-e Mosalmān-e Peyro[w]-e Xat-e Emām, Tehran: Markaz-e Našr-e Asnād-e Lāne-ye Jāsusi-ye Āmrikā.
Asnādi az Asl-e čahār-e Truman dar Irān (1325-1346 H. Š.) (Documents of Truman’s forth principle (1946-1967). (1382/2003).(vol. 1). Edited by Teimour Bashir Gonbadi. Tehran: Asnād-e Riyāsat Jomhuri.
 
Asnādi az madāres-e Irāni dar xārej va madāres-e xāreji dar Irān(1301-1317 hejri-ye šamsi) (Documents of Iranian schools abroad and foreign schools in Iran, 1922-1938).(1382/2003). (vol.1). Collected by ’Isā Abdi. Tehran:  Asnād-e Riyāsat-e Jomhuri.
Bagheriye, Mohammad Kazem. (Āzar 20,1396/ Dec.11, 2017). Interview location:  Isfahan Payām Nur University, interview file location: personal archives of the article writer.
Basiratmanesh, Hamid. (1378/1999).’Olamā va režim-e Rezā-Šāh: nazari bar amalkard-e siyāsi-farhangi-ye ro[w]hāniyyun dar sāl-hā-ye 1305-1320(The clergy and Rezā-Šāh Regime: an opinion about the political-cultural performance of the clergy in 1926-1941). (vol.2). Tehran: ’Oruj.
Bill, James. (1371/1992). ’Oqāb va šir: terāžedi-ye ravābet-e Irān va Āmrikā (The eagle and the lion: the teragedy of American Iranian relations). (vol.1). Translated by Mahvash Gholami. Tehran: Kube.
Bodaghi, Hamid Reza. (1387/2008). Barresi-ye ravābet-e siyāsi-ye Irān va ’Iyālāt-e Mottahede-ye Āmrikā (1347-1332 Š) ba negāhi be asnād-e Vezārat-e ’Omur-e Xāreje (A survey of Iran-U.S. diplomatic relations(1953-1967)). Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād va Tārix-e Diplomāsi.
Ehyaee, Zeinab. (1382/2003). Mostašārān-e Āmrikā’i dar Irān be ravāyat-e asnād (American’s missions in Iran). Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi.
 
Elder, John. (1333/1954). Tārix-e Mission-e Āmrikā’i dar Irān (History of American mission in Iran). Translated by Soheil Azari. Tehran: Nur-e Jahān.
Eshaghi, Ahmad. (Bahman 25,1395/ Feb.13, 2017). Interview location: Abbās Ābād Street, interview file location: personal archives of the article writer.
 
Farāmāsuner-hā, rotārin-hā va lāyenz-hā-ye Irān 133-1357(Freemasonries, rotaries, and lions of Iran in1954-1978). (1377/1998). Edited by Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi, Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi.
 
Hedayat, Mahmoud. (1365/1986). Mohājerat-hā-ye xāreji va ’elal va āsār-e ān dar Irān (External migration and its causes and impression in Iran). Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād va Madārek-e Sāzmān-e Barnāme va Budje.
HoushangMahdavi, Abdolreza. (1388/2009). Siyāsat-e xāreji-ye Irān dar do[w]rān-e Pahlavi( Foreign policy of Iran in  the Pahlavi period). Tehran: Amirkabir.
 
 
Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (Marāsān) (Islamic Revolution Document Center): file no.12146/3, doc. no. 307.
Marz-hā-ye no[w](United States Information Bureau in Tehran), 21(9) (1977), Tehran.
 
Masjedi, Mohammad. (Āzar 18, 1396/ Dec. 9, 2017). Interview location:  Markaz-e Esfahān-šenāsi, interview file location: personal archives of the article writer.
Mehralizade, Mehdi. (1385/2006). “ Talāš-hā-ye qarb-garāyāne-ye režim-e Pahlavi barāye tahkim-e solte-ye farhangi-siyāsi dar Esfahān az 1343-1357 Š(The west-oriented attempts of Pahlavi Regime to solidify its cultural and political domination in Isfahan from 1343-1357)”, Fasl-nāme-ye tārix-pažuhān (Quarterly journal of the society of history researchers), autumn 2006 (7), pp. 242-254.
Mehralizade, Mehdi. (1386/2007). Tārix-e siyāsi-ye Enqelāb-e Eslāmi dar Esfahān (Political history of Islamic Revolution in Isfahan). Isfahan: Markaz-e Esfahān-šenāsi.
Millspaugh, Arthur Chester. (1356/1977). Ma’muiyyat-e Āmrikā’i-hā dar Irān (The American task in Persia). Translated by Hossein Aboutorabian. Tehran: Payām.
Motevalli, Abdollah. (1384/2005) “ Negāhi be ’amalkard-e mo’assesāt-e tabliqi-ye Āmrikā’i-hā dar Irān (A look at  American missionary institutions in Iran)”. Fasl-nāme-ye motāle’āt-e tārixi (Historical studies quarterly), autumn 2005(9), pp. 100-133.
 
Mozākerāt-e Majles-e Šo[w]rā-ye Melli (National Council negotiations), 4th period, 118th session.
Nemati, Nour-el-din. (1394/2015). Ravābet-e Irān va Āmrikā dar do[w]re-ye Pahlavi-ye dovvom (Iran and America’s relations in the second Pahlavi period). Tehran: Negāh-e Mo’āser.
’Oliyā-e Esfahān, no. 1105 (Oct. 26, 1966), Isfahan.
Rāh-e nejāt, no. 1000(1965), Isfahan.
Rashidpoor, Ahmad; Fathi, Koorosh. (1385/2006). “ Ravābet-e farhangi-ye Irān va ’Iyālāt-e Mottahede-ye  Āmrikā az Šahrivar-e 1320 tā 28-e Mordād-e 1332( Cultural relations between Iran and United States (1941-1953)”, Fasl-nāme-ye tārix-e ravābet-e xāreji(History of foreign relations quarterly), winter2006(29), pp. 197-236.
Rezazade Malek, Rahim. (1350/1971). Tārix-e ravābet-e Irān va Mamālek-e Mottahede-ye  Āmrikā (History of Iran and U.S. relations). Tehran: Ketābxāne-ye Tahuri.
Rubin, Barry. (1363/1984). Jang-e Qodrat-hā dar Irān (Paved with good intentions: the American experience in Iran). Translated by Mahmoud Mashreghi. Tehran: Āštiyani.
Sarraf Bidabadi, Akbar. (Bahman 25,1395/Feb. 13, 2017). Interview location:  Abbās Ābād Street, interview file location: personal archives of the article writer.
 
Sāzmān-e Asnād va Ketābxāne-ye Melli-ye Iran (Sākmā) (National Library and Archives of Iran), doc. no.:297/2439.
Sāzmān-e Asnād va Ketābxāne-ye Melli-ye Iran, Markaz-e Esfahān (Sākmāesf) (National Library and Archives of Iran, Isfahan Branch), doc. no.:264/142, 264/949, 293/110, 293/170, 293/230, 293/485, 293/819, 293/826, 293/916, 293/949, 293/971, 293/972, 293/2486, 293/2724, 293/3143, 293/4358, 293/4641, 293/5811, 293/5939, 293/5946, 293/5964, 364/235.
ShariatPanahi, Hessamodin. (1372/1993). ’Orupā’i-hā va lebās-e Irāniyān( Europeans’ and Iranians’ clothes). Tehran: Qomes.
 
Sheikhi, Mohammdad. (Xordād 21, 1396/June 11, 2017). Interview location:  Moštāq Street, interview file location: personal archives of the article writer.
Shuster, Morgan.(1368/1989). Extenāq dar Irān (The strangling in Persia). Translated by Abolhasan Mousavi Shoushtari; edited by Esmaeel Raeen and Faramarz Barzegar. Tehran: Safi Ali Šāh.
Tabrizchi, Mohammad Reza. (Dey14,1395/Jan.3, 2017). Interview location:  Sā,eb Research Studies Center, interview file location: personal archives of the article writer.
Taher Ahmadi, Mahmoud.(1372/1993). “ Noxostin madāres-e mission-hā-ye  Āmrikā’I dar Irān (First United States Mission schools in Iran)”, Ganjine-ye asnād, winter1993(12), pp. 20-18.
Torabi, Soheila. (1390/2011). “Ravand-e no[w]garā’i dar āmuzeš-e zanān tā pāyān-e Pahlavi-ye avval (The process of modernisms in women’s education till the end of first Pahlavi)” . Printed in Zan dar tārix-e  Irān-e mo’āser (az Enqelāb-e Mašrute tā Enqelāb-e Eslāmi) :majmu’e-ye maqālāt-e Seminār-e beynolmelali-ye zan dar tārix-e  Irān-e mo’āser, Dānešgāh-e Zanjān( woman in contemporary history of Iran(from the Constitutional Movement to Islamic Revolution): article collection of international  seminar of woman in contemporary history of Iran.Tehran: Kavir.
Vafaee, Manouchehr (Āzar 12, 1396/ Dec. 3, 2017). Interview location:  Šahrak-xāne-ye Esfahān, interview file location: personal archives of the article writer.
Vaezi, Hassan.( 1379/1993). Irān va Āmrikā: Barresi-ye siyāsat-hā-ye Āmrikā dar Irān ( Iran and United States: a study over the United States policies in Iran). Tehran: Soruš.
 
Vahdat, Mohammad (Āzar 14, 1396/ Dec. 5, 2017). Interview location: Centeral Library of Isfahan University, interview file location: personal archives of the article writer.
Velayati, Ali Akbar. (1387/2008). Yek qarn ertebāt: pišine-ye ertebāt Irān va Āmrikā dar sade-ye gozašte va ta’sie-e tahavvolāt-e jahāni bar in rābete (A century of relation: the background of Iran and U.s. relation in previous century and the influence of international developments on this relation). Tehran: Kānun-e Javān.
 
Yārān-e emām be ravāyat-e asnād-e Sāvāk, Jeld-e 19: xādem-e šari’at: šarh-e mobārezāt-e Hazrat-e Āyatollāh Seyyed Hossein-e Xādemi (Imam’s companions through Savak’s documents, vol.19: the servant of the shariah: explanation  of Seyyed Hossein Khademi’s struggle). (1380/2001). Tehran: Markaz-e Našr-e Asnād-e Tārixi-ye Vezārat-e Ettelā’āt.
 
 
 
 

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 06 May 2017
  • Revise Date: 15 October 2017
  • Accept Date: 18 February 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics