Explaining the Role of Jafar Sharif-Emami’s Government in the Revolutionary Situation

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Associate Professor of History, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran

10.30484/ganj.2024.3173

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this article is to explain the consequences of Jafar Sharif-Emami's government in Iran's "Revolutionary Situation."
Method and Research Design: The method of this article is descriptive-analytical, of a historical type, and is based on Charles Tilly's theory of the "Revolutionary Situation."
Findings and Conclusion: The findings show that the most important indicators of the suppression component included: September 8 (17 Shahrivar), the declaration of martial law, the massacre at the Grand Mosque of Kerman, the suppression of demonstrations on November 4 (13 Aban), and the suppression of students in the month of the Mehr of that year. The main Facilitating variables included: Reducing taxes, increasing salaries, the restoration of the calendar to the Solar Hijri calendar, dissolving the Rastakhiz party, the reinstatement of dismissed university professors, dismissing those individuals affiliated with the Baha'i sect, and publication Imam Khomeini's (RA) photo in the daily Etelaat. The factors involved in the policy of appeasement included: the celebration of Eid al-Fitr on Shahrivar 13, three-day strike by the press, dismissal and summoning of government officials, acceptance of resignation of high-ranking officials, and the expansion of speeches at mosques and pulpits. The conclusion drawn is that the use of violence through repression tools, the inefficacy of the government's new tactic of temporarily opening space and granting concessions, and the delay in political appeasement all contributed to the expansion of the revolutionary situation and accelerated the collapse.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

English Translation of References
Documents
Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (Marāsān) (Islamic Revolution Documents Center):
          Retrieval numbers: 499, ص41; 884, ص7; 2555, ص15; 12085, ص96.
          “Asnād-e Dāyere-ye Ettelā’āt-e Šahrbāni-ye Kermān” (Kerman City Intelligence Department documents): 1357/7/24 SH / 16 October 1978 AD, retrieval no. 37/15/50. [In Persian]
Sāvāk Documents
“Asnād-e lāne-ye jāsusi-ye Āmrikā” (American spy nest documents) (vols. 9 & 11). (1379/2000). Tehran: Mo’assese-ye Farhangi Honari-ye Jahān. [In Persian]
“Enqelāb-e Eslāmi be ravāyat-e asnād-e Sāvāk” (Islamic revolution according to SAVAK documents) (vol. 11). (1381/2002). Tehran: Markaz-e Barresi-ye Asnād-e Tārixi-ye Vezārat-e Ettelā’āt (The Center of Historical Documents Survey). [In Persian]
“Enqelāb-e Eslāmi be ravāyat-e asnād-e Sāvāk” (Islamic revolution according to SAVAK documents) (vol. 14). (1383/2004). Tehran: Markaz-e Barresi-ye Asnād-e Tārixi-ye Vezārat-e Ettelā’āt (The Center of Historical Documents Survey). [In Persian]
Markaz-e Asnād-e Riāsat-e Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān (Mārjā) (Office of Presidential Documents). (1396/2017). “Asnādi az dowlat-e Šarif Emāmi: Panjom-e Šahrivar tā čahārdahom-e Ābān-e 1357” (Documents from the Sharif-e-Imami government: 5th of Shahrivar to 14th of Aban 1357 SH / 27th of August to 5th of November 1978). Edited by Sajjad Raei et al. Tehran: Jomhur-e Irān (Affiliated with Markaz-e Pažuheš va Asnād-e Riyāsat-Jomhuri. [In Persian]
Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (Marāsān) (Islamic Revolution Documents Center). (1378/1999). “Enqelāb-e Irān be revāyat-e Rādiyo Bi Bi Si” (The Iranian Revolution according to BBC Radio). Abd al-Reza (Houshang) Mahdavi. Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (Marāsān) (Islamic Revolution Documents Center). [In Persian]
Markaz-e Barresi-ye Asnād-e Tārixi-ye Vezārat-e Ettelā’āt (The Center of Historical Documents Survey). (1385/2006). “Ja’far-e Šarif Emāmi” (Jafar Sharif Emami). Tehran: Markaz-e Barresi-ye Asnād-e Tārixi-ye Vezārat-e Ettelā’āt (The Center of Historical Documents Survey). [In Persian]
Markaz-e Barresi-ye Asnād-e Tārixi-ye Vezārat-e Ettelā’āt (The Center of Historical Documents Survey). (1389/2010). “Rejāl-e ‘asr-e Pahlavi be revāyat-e asnād-e Sāvāk, jeld-e 17: Ja’far-e Šarif Emāmi” (Prominent men of the Pahlavi era according to Savak documents, vol. 17: Jafar Sharif Emami). Tehran: Markaz-e Barresi-ye Asnād-e Tārixi-ye Vezārat-e Ettelā’āt (The Center of Historical Documents Survey). [In Persian]
Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (Marāsān) (Islamic Revolution Documents Center). (1378/1999). “Tasmim-e šum: Mašruh-e mozākerāt-e amniyat-e melli va hey’at-e dowlat dar 1357/6/16 SH” (The ominous decision: The details of the national security negotiations and the government delegation on 1357/6/16 SH / 7 September 1978 AD). Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (Marāsān) (Islamic Revolution Documents Center). [In Persian]
“Surat-e Mozākerāt-e Majles-e Šorā-ye melli” (Minutes of the National Assembly), 24th term, 25 Mehr 1357 SH / 17 October 1978 AD, session 190. [In Persian]
“Surat-e Mozākerāt-e Majles-e Šorā-ye melli” (Minutes of the National Assembly). (1357/1978). “Mašruh-e mozākerāt-e Šorā-ye Amniyat-e melli 1357/6/18 SH” (Details of the National Security Council's deliberations on 1357/6/18 SH / 9 September 1978). Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (Marāsān) (Islamic Revolution Documents Center). [In Persian]
Books
Amini, Iraj. (1388/2009). “Bar bāl-e bohrān: Zendegi-ye siāsi-ye Ali Amini” (Ali Amini's political life). Tehran: Māhi. [In Persian]
Amouzgar, Jahangir. (1375/1996). “Farāz o forud-e dudmān-e Pahlavi” (The rise and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty). Translated by Ardeshir Lotfian. Tehran: Markaz-e Tarjomeh va Našr-e Ketāb. [In Persian]
Bakhtiar, Shapour. (1394/2015). “Si-yo-haft ruz az si-yo-haft sāl” (Thirty-seven days out of thirty-seven years). Complied by holamreza Nazari. Tehran: Afrā Torbat. [In Persian]
Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Thomson, Scott; Levanten, Paul. (1363/1984). “Soqut-e 84” (The crash of 84). Translated by Mohsen Pegah. Tehran: Hafteh. [In Persian]
Carter, Jimmy. (1394/2015). “Irān va xāterāt-e Jimi Kārter” (Keeping faith: Memoirs of a president). Translated by Tayyebeh Ghaffari & Ebrahim Irannejad. Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (Marāsān) (Islamic Revolution Documents Center). [In Persian]
Deldam, Eskandar. (1384/2005). “Xāterāt-e man o Farah-e Pahlavi” (Memories of me and Farah Pahlavi) (vol. 1). Tehran: Behāfarin. [In Persian]
Diba, Farideh. (1382/2003). “Doxtaram Farah” (My daughter Farah). Translated by Elaheh Raees Firouz. Tehran: Behāfarin. [In Persian]
Fardoust, Hossein. (1370/1991). “Zohur va soqut-e saltanat-e Pahlavi; Xāterāt-e Artešbod-e Sābeq Hossein-e Fardoust” (The rise and fall of Pahlavid dynasty). Tehran: Ettela’āt. [In Persian]
Farmanfarmayian, Setareh. (1394/2015). “Doxtar-e Irān” (Daughter of Persia: A woman’s journey from her father’s harem through the Islamic Revolution). Translated by Kioumars Parsay. Tehrān: Samir. [In Persian]
Haykal, Muhammad Hasanayn. (1362/1983). “Irān: Revāyati ke nāgofteh mānd” (Iran: The untold story). Translated by Hamid Ahmadi. Tehran: Elham. [In Persian]
Khomeini, Seyyed Rouhollah. (1378/1999). “Sahife-ye Emām” (Sahifeh-ye Imam: An anthology of Imam Khomeini’s Speeches, messages, interviews, decrees, religious permissions, and letters) (vols. 2 & 3). Tehran: Mo’assese-ye Tanzim va Našr-e Āsār-e Emām Xomeini (The Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works). [In Persian]
Ledeen, Michael; & Lewis, William. (1400/2021). “Hazimat yā šekast-e rosvā-ye Āmrikā dar Irān” (Debacle, the American failure in Iran). Translated by Ahmad Samiei (Gilani). Tehran: Hermes. [In Persian]
Madani, Seyyed Jalal Al-Din. (1369/1990). “Tārix-e siyāsi-ye mo’āser-e Irān” (Contemporary political history of Iran) (vol. 2). Tehran: Jāme’e-ye Modarresin. [In Persian]
Milani, Abbas. (1392/2013). “Negāhi be Šāh” (A look at the Shah). Toronto: Persian Circle. [In Persian]
Parhām, Sirous. (1360/1981). “Enqelāb-e Irān va mabāni-ye rahbari-ye Emām Xomeini” (The Iranian revolution and the foundations of Imam Khomeini's leadership). Tehran: [n. p.]. [In Persian]
Parsons, Anthony. (1363/1984). “Qorur va soqut” (The pride and the fall; Iran 1974 - 1979). Translated by Hasan Pasha Sharifi. Tehran: Rāh-e no. [In Persian]
Sabeti, Parviz. (1390/2011). “Dar dāmgah-e hādeseh: Goft-o-gu-yi bā modir-e amniyat-e dāxeli-ye Sāvāk” (A conversation with the internal security director of SAVAK). Los Angeles: Šerkat-e Ketāb. [In Persian]
Raji, Parvez. (1378/1999). “Xedmat-gozār-e Taxt-e Tāvus” (In the service of the Peacock Throne: The diaries of the Shahs last ambassador to London). Translated by Hossein Abutorabian. Tehran: Ettelā’āt. [In Persian]
Samimi, Minou. (1369/1990). “Pošt-e parde-ye Taxt-e Tāvus” (Behind the peacock throne). Translated by Hossein Abutorabian. Tehran: Ettelā’āt. [In Persian]
Sharif Emami, Jafar. (1387/2008). “Matn-e kāmel-e xāterāt-e Ja’far-e Šarif Emāmi: Noxost-vazir-e Irān 1339, 1340, 1357” (Memories of Jafar Sharif – Emami, prime minister of Iran). Tehran: Safhe-ye Sefid. [In Persian]
Shawcross, William. (1381/2002). “Āxarin safar-e Šāh: Sarnevešt-e yek mottahed-e Āmrikā” (The shah's last ride: The fate of an ally). Translated by Abdulreza Hoshang Mahdavi. Tehran: Nikān. [In Persian]
Sick, Gary. (1384/2005). “Hameh čiz foru mirizad” (All fall down). Translated by Ali Bakhtiarizadeh. Tehran: Markaz-e Asnād-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (Marāsān) (Islamic Revolution Documents Center). [In Persian]
Stempel، John D. (1377/1998). “Darun-e enqelāb-e Irān” (Inside the Iranian revolition). Translated by Manouchehr Shojaei. Tehran: Rasā. [In Persian]
Sullivan, William. (1375/1996). “Ma’muriyat dar Irān” (Mission to Iran). Translated by Mahmoud Tolouei. Tehran: ‘Elm. [In Persian]
Sullivan, William; & Parsons, Anthony. (1373/1994). “Xāterāt-e do safir: Asrāri az soqut-e Šāh va naqš-e Āmrikā va Engelis dar enqelāb-e Irān” (Memoirs of two ambassadors William Sullivan and Anthony Parsons). Translated by Mahmoud Tolouei. Tehran: ‘Elm. [In Persian]
Tolouei, Mahmoud. (1373/1994). “Bāzigarān-e ‘asr-e Pahlavi: Az Foruqi tā Fardust” (Actors of the Pahlavi era: From Foroughi to Fardoust) (vol. 2). Tehran: ‘Elm. [In Persian]
Tolouei, Mahmoud. (1371/1991). “Dāstān-e enqelāb” (The story of the revolution). Compiled & translated by Mahmoud Tolouei. Tehran: ‘Elm. [In Persian]
Tilly, Charles. (1385/2006). “Az basij tā enqelāb” (‫‪From mobilization to revolution). Translated by Ali Morshedizad. Tehran: Pažuheškade-ye Emām Xomeini (Research Institute of Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution).[In Persian]
Tilly, Charles. (1383/2004). “Enqelāb-hā-ye Orupāyi az 1492 tā 1992: Barresi-ye tahlili-ye pānsad sāl tārix-e siyāsi-ye Orupā (āmuze-hā-ye enqelāb)” (European revolutions, 1492 - 1992). Translated by Baha al-Din Bazargani Gilani. Tehran: Kavir. [In Persian]
Tilly, Charles. (1978). From mobilization Vo revolution. Reading, massachusetts: Addison-wesley publishing Company.
Yazdi, Ebrahim. (1386/2007). “Āxarin talālš-hā dar āxarin ruz-hā: Matālebi nāgofteh pirāmun-e enqelāb-e eslāmi-ye Irān” (Final attempts in last days). Tehran: Qalam. [In Persian]
Articles
Ali Soufi, Alireza; Mollayi Tavani, Alireza; & Gholampour, Meisam. (1393/2014). “Ellat-šenāsi-ye e’tesāb-e matbu’āt dar dowre-ye dowlat-e Ja’far-e Šarif Emāmi (Mehr-e 1357) va jāygāh-e ān dar ravand-e šekl-giri-ye enqelāb-e eslāmi” (Etiology of the Iranians press strike at the time of the Jaafar Sharifemami government and its place in the process of formation of the Islamic Revolution). Pažuheš-nāme-ye Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (A Quarterly Scientific – Research Journal on Islamic Revolution), 4(13). [In Persian]
“Jonbeš-e dānešāmuzi dar sāl-e 57 va jenāyat-e režim-e Šāh dar 13 Ābān dar dānešgāh-e Tehrān” (The student movement in 1357 SH / 1978 AD and the crime of the Shah's regime on November 4th at the University of Tehran). (12 Ābān 1403 / 2 November 2024). Retrieved from https://historydocuments.ir. Article direct link: https://B2n.ir/f46746. [In Persian]
Lobatfard, Ahmad; & Zafari, Tahereh. (1397/2018). “Barresi-ye peyāmad-hā-ye vāqe’e-ye hefdah-e Šahrivar va ta’sir-e ān dar ravand-e piruzi-ye enqelāb-e eslāmi” (Investigating the consequences of the seventh of Shahrivar event and its impact on the trend of the Islamic Revolution). Pažuheš-nāme-ye Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (A Quarterly Scientific – Research Journal on Islamic Revolution), 8(29). [In Persian]
Mollayi Tavani, Alireza. (1377/1998). “Barresi-ye tahlili-ye ruydād-e hefdah-e Šahrivar 1357” (Analytical review of the event of September 8th, 1978). Pažuheš-nāme-ye Matin (Matin), 1(1). [In Persian]
Samiei, Mohammad. (1397/2018). “Tahlil-e češm-andāz-e siyāsi va rāhbord-e do-gāne-ye Šāh dar movājeheh bā enqelāb-e eslāmi” (Analysing the Shah's dual strategy in confrontation to the Islamic Revolution). Pažuheš-nāme-ye Enqelāb-e Eslāmi (A Quarterly Scientific – Research Journal on Islamic Revolution), 8(26). [In Persian]
Dissertations
Zanganeh, Mohammad Kazem. (1387/2008). “Naqš-e dowlat-e Šarif Emāmi dar ruyāruyi bā enqelāb-e eslāmi” (The role of the Sharif Imami government in confronting the Islamic revolution). Supervised by Esmaeel Hasanzadeh & Hasan Hazrati. Tehran: Pažuheškade-ye Emām Xomeini (Research Institute of Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution). [In Persian]
Newspapers
Associated Press, 8 Sptember 1978.
Ruznāme-ye Āyandegān, 57/7/1 SH / 23 September 1978 AD, issue 3200, p. 17. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Āyandegān, 1357/7/23 SH / 15 October 1978 AD. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Ettelā’āt, 2537/5/29 SH / 20 August 1958 AD, issue 15691, p. 3-4. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Ettelā’āt, 1357/6/5 SH / 27 August 1978 AD, issue 15696, p. 1. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Ettelā’āt, 1357/6/18 SH / 9 September 1978 AD. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Ettelā’āt, 1357/07/10 SH / 2 October 1078 AD, issue 15725, p. 23. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Ettelā’āt, 1357/7/23 SH / 15 October 1978 AD. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Ettelā’āt, 1357/7/27 SH / 19 October 1978 AD, issue 15737, p. 18. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi, 1358/4/4 SH / 25 June 1979 AD, issue 15888, p. 3. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Xorāsān, 1357/6/1 SH / 23 August 1978 AD, issue 8478, p. 5. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Donyā, 1357/10/7 SH / 28 December 1978 AD. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Šarq, 1383/2/16 SH / 5 May 2004 AD. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Keyhān, 1357/6/14 SH / 5 September 1978 AD. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Keyhān, 1357/6/18 SH / 9 September 1978 AD, issue 13239, p. 12. [In Persian]
Ruznāme-ye Keyhān, 1357/7/3 SH / 25 September 1978 AD, p. 12. [In Persian]
Xabar-gozāri-ye Ālmān, 8 September 1978.
Ganjine-ye Asnad
Volume 34, Issue 3 - Serial Number 135
September 2024
Pages 52-81

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 09 March 2024
  • Revise Date: 16 March 2024
  • Accept Date: 24 August 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics