The Use of Nanoparticles in the Preservation Authenticity of the Structure, Color and Appearance of Deacidified Historical Papers

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student in Restoration of Historical Cultural Objects, Art University, Tehran, Iran

2 Faculty Member, Department of Art Research, Art University, Tehran, Iran

3 Faculty Member, Research Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tehran, Iran

10.30484/ganj.2024.3158

Abstract

Purpose: Historical papers, as the most important and original works left over from past periods, have a special importance in historical studies and research. New technologies, especially nano in the field of cultural heritage, are highly sensitive due to the valuable and unique nature of historical works, and raise concerns and questions such as the direct and side effects of these methods on the works. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the preservation Authenticity of materials and materials, color, form and shape in deacidification interventions with nano calcium hydroxide in isopropanol, compared to deacidification with calcium hydroxide in water and calcium hydroxide in isopropanol.
 
 Method and Research Design: This research is applied in terms of its results.  information was collected in the library and field, and it was done in a laboratory. First, samples of Whatman paper and acidic historical paper were selected. Three deacidified solutions of calcium hydroxide in water, nanocalcium hydroxide in isopropanol, and calcium hydroxide in isopropanol with a concentration of 1000 ppm (1.0%) were prepared and the samples were deacidified.
Findings and conclusions: The results of the experiments show that preserving the authenticity of historical papers by deacidification with nano calcium hydroxide solution in isopropanol is more effective and efficient than calcium hydroxide solution in water and calcium hydroxide solution in isopropanol.
It is worth noting that calcium hydroxide solution is one of the most widely used deacidifiers in historical papers, which until now has three forms: calcium hydroxide in water (calcium hydroxide in water solution), calcium hydroxide in isopropanol (calcium hydroxide in alcohol solvent) and calcium hydroxide in isopropanol (calcium hydroxide in alcoholic solvent) has not been investigated.

Keywords

Main Subjects


English Translation of References
Books
Baglioni, Piero; Chelazzi, David; & Giorgi, Rodorico. (2015). “Fannāvari-ye nāno dar hefāzat az āsār-e tārixi va farhangi (Mavād va teknik-hā)” (Nanotechnologies in the conservation of cultural heritage: A compendium of materials and techniques). Translated by Majid Doroudi & Maryam Bagherpour. Tehran: Šorā. [In Persian]
Kathpalia, Yash Pal. (1973). Conservation and restoration of archive materials. Paris: UNESCO.
Munoz Vinas, Salvador. (1396/2017). “Mabāni-ye Nazari-ye hefāzat va maremmat dar dowrān-e mo’āser” (Contemporary theory of conservation). Translated by Kouros Samanian. Tehran: Sāzmān-e Motāle’eh va Tadvin-e Kotob-e ‘Olum-e Ensāni-ye Dānešgāh-hā (SAMT) (The Organization for Researching and Composing University Textbooks in the Islamic Sciences and the Humanities). p. 119. [In Persian]
Jokilehto, Jukka. (1387/2008). “Tārix-e hefāzat-e me’māri” (A history of architectural conservation). Translated by Mohammad Hasan Talebian va Khashayar Bahari. Tehran: Rowzaneh. [In Persian]
Articles
Abdolalizadeh, Mahboub; Azadi Bouyaghchi, Mehrnaz; & Mohammadi Achachlouyi, Mohsen. (1396/2017). “Barresi-ye ta’sirāt-e qārč-koš-e tiyufānāt-metil bar vižegi-hā-ye basari va sāxtāri-ye kāqaz” (Study of side effects of Thiophanate-methyl fungicide on aesthetic and structural properties of ‎paper). Tahqiqāt-e ‘Olum-e Čub va Kāqaz-e Irān (Iranian journal of Wood and Paper Science Research) (IJWPR), 32(2), pp. 261-274. [In Persian]
Afsharpour, Maryam. (1390/2011). “Raveš-hā-ye novin-e šimiyāyi va fiziki-ye hefāzat va maremmat-e asnād va kotob-e xatti dar ketābxāne-ye markazi-ye Dānešgvh-e Tehrān” (New chemical and physical methods of preservation and restoration of documents and manuscripts in the University of Tehran central library). Ketāb-e Māh-e Kolliyāt, Ordibehešt / May, pp. 72-77. [In Persian]
Attari, Mahshid. (1387/2008). “Jāygāh-e ‘elm va fannāvari-hā-ye novin (be vižeh fannāvari-ye nano) dar negahdāri va hefāzat az mirās-e farhangi [bā ruykard-e nezām-hā-ye bein-e rešte-ee]” (The place of science and new technologies (especially nanotechnology) in the maintenance and protection of cultural heritage [with the approach of interdisciplinary systems]). Maremmat va Pažuheš, issue 4, Spring & Summer 1387 / 2008, pp. 7-22. [In Persian]
Baglioni, Piero; Giorgi, Rodorico. (2006). “Soft and hard nanomaterials for restoration and conservation of cultural heritage”. Soft matter, 2(4), pp 293-303.
Bakkari, Mounir El; Bindiganavile, Vivek; Boluk, Yaman. (2019). “Facile Synthesis of Calcium Hydroxide Nanoparticles onto TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers for Heritage Conservation”. ACS omega, 4(24), pp 20606-20611.
Batty, John; Maitland, Crystal; Minter, William; Hubbe, Martin; Jordan-Mowery, Sonja. (2010). “Deacidification for the conservation and preservation of paper-based works: a review”. BioResources, 5(3).
Bicchieri, Marina; Valentini, Federica; Calcaterra, Andrea; Talamo, Maurizio. (2017). “Newly developed nano-calcium carbonate and nano-calcium propanoate for the deacidification of library and archival materials”. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, vol. 2017.
Chelazzi, David; Poggi, Giovanna; Jaidar, Yareli; Toccafondi, Nicola; Giorgi, Rodorico; Baglioni, Piero. (2013). “Hydroxide nanoparticles for cultural heritage: Consolidation and protection of wall paintings and carbonate materials”. Journal of colloid and interface science, 392, pp 42-49.
Cunha, G. M. (1987). “Mass deacidification for libraries”. Library technology reports, 23(3), pp 361-472.
Fadayinejad, Somayyeh. (1393/2014). “Vākāvi-ye mo’allefe-hā-ye bāz-šenāxt-e esālat dar hefāzat-e mirās-e farhangi” (Analysis of authenticity recognition components in cultural heritage conservation). Našriye-ye ‘Elmi-Pažuheši (Me’māri va Šahrsāzi) Honar-hā-ye Zibā (Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture and Urban Planning), 19(4), pp. 77-86. [In Persian]
Ghorbani, Mehdi; Samanian, Kouros; & Afsharpour, Maryam. (1395/2017). “Mo’arrefi va moqāyese-ye raves-hā-ye estehkām-baxši-ye asnād-e kāqazi va pišnahād-e kārbord-e nano-alyāf-e sellulozi be manzur-e hefāzat az in āsār” (Introducing and comparing methods for consolidation of paper records and suggesting the use of cellulose nano-fibers for conservation of such records). Ganjine-ye Asnād, 26(4), Winter 1395 / 2017, pp. 110-131. [In Persian]
Giorgi, Rodorico; Bozzi, Claudio; Dei, Luigi; Gabbiani, Chiara; Ninham, Barry W; Baglioni, Piero. (2005). “Nanoparticles of Mg(OH)2: synthesis and application to paper conservation”. Langmuir, 21(18), pp 8495-8501.
Giorgi, Rodorico; Chelazzi, David; Baglioni, Piero. (2005). “Nanoparticles of calcium hydroxide for wood conservation. The deacidification of the Vasa warship”. Langmuir, 21(23), pp 10743-10748.
Hajji, Latifa; Boukir, Abdellatif; Assouik, Jamal; Lakhiari, Hamid; Kerbal, Abdelali; Doumenq, Pierre; Mille, Gilbert; De Carvalho, Maria Luisa. (2015). “Conservation of Moroccan manuscript papers aged 150, 200 and 800 years. Analysis by infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS)”. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 136(8), pp 1038-1046.
Hassan, Mohammad; Elfeky, Osama; Ahmed, Nehad. (2020). “Calcium hydroxide nanoparticles for deacidification of canvas oil paintings”. ،مجلة کلیة الآثار. جامعة القاهرة 8(2020), pp 47-62.
Hummel, Ray O; Barrow, W. J. (1956). “Lamination and other methods of restoration”. Library trends, 4, pp 259-268.
Jokilehto, Jukka. (1994). “Authenticity, a General Framework for the Concept”. Nara conference on Authenticity.
Łojewska, J; Miśkowiec, P; Łojewski, T; Proniewicz, L. M. (2005). “Cellulose oxidative and hydrolytic degradation: In situ FTIR approach”. Polymer degradation and stability, 88(3), pp 512-520.
Rossler, Mechtild. (2008). “Applying Authenticity of cultural Landscapes”. In: Waite Dianna. (Ed.), APT Bulletin (pp 47-54), Vol XXXLX, no 2, 3, Published by Association for Preservation Technology International.
Rouhi Dehboneh, Sedigheh; Samanian, Kouros; & Afsharpour, Maryam. (1398/2019). “Barresi-ye xavās-e za’ferān dar rangrazi-ye kāqaz bar asās-e dastur-ol’amal-hā-ye motun-e tārixi (Motāle’e-ye sobāt-e rangi dar barābar-e nur)” (Study of light fastness properties of saffron used in paper dyeing according to historical treatises). ‘Olum va Fannāvari-ye Rang (Journal of Color Science and Technology) (JCST), 13(3), pp. 169-190. [In Persian]
Sequeira, S; Casanova, C; Cabrita, E. J. (2006). “Deacidification of paper using dispersions of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles in isopropanol. Study of efficiency”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 7(4), pp 264-272.
Stefanis, Emmanuel; Panayiotou, Costas. (2007). “Protection of lignocellulosic and cellulosic paper by deacidification with dispersions of micro- and nano-particles of Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 in alcohols. Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material.
Weng, Jiajia; Zhang, Xiaogang; Jia, Minghao; Zhang, Jie. (2019). “Deacidification of aged papers using dispersion of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles in subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a)”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 37, pp 137-147.
Article collections
Nezaratizadeh, Mojgan; Nezaratizadeh, Mansoureh; & Sadeghzadeh, Nima. (1394/2015). “Esālat-garāyi dar modāxelāt-e maremmati” (Originalism in restoration interventions). Konferāns-e Sālāne-ye Taqiqāt dar Mohandesi-ye ‘Omrān, Me’māri va Šahrsazi va Mohit-e Zist-e Pāydār (Annual conference on research in civil engineering, architecture and urban planning and sustainable environment). [In Persian]
Tatari, Ali Asghar; & Dehghani Firouzabadi, Mohammadreza. (1392/2013). “Kārbord-e raves-hā-ye motedāvel va novin-e negahdāri-ye kāqaz-e asnād va mokātebāt bā ruykard-e hefz va negahdāri az manābe’-e sellulozi” (Using common and modern methods of preserving paper, documents and correspondence with the approach of preservation and maintenance of cellulose resources). Majmu’e-maqālāt-e Hamāyeš-e Melli-ye Modiriyat-e Manābe’-e Tabi’ee (The 1st National Conference on Natural Resources Management). [In Persian]
Zorriasatein, Ashkan; Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi, Houman; & Bozorgnia, Bahareh. (1395/2016). “Kārbord-e nāno-mavād dar hefāzat va maremmat-e āsār-e bāstāni va nosax-e xatti” (The use of nanomaterials in the protection and restoration of ancient works and manuscripts). Hamāyeš-e Sarāsari-ye Towse’e-yePāydār dar Nāno-mavād, Nāno-sāxtār va Nāno-teknoloži (National conference on sustainable development in nanomaterials, nanostructures and nanotechnology). Retrieved from  https://www.civilica.com/Paper-NANOOCONF01-NANOOCONF01_067.html. [In Persian]
Dissertations
Dehghani, Zahra. (1387/2008). “Naqš-e nano-fannāvari dar hefz-e āsār-e tārixi bā ta’kid bar asid-zodāyi-ye kāqaz” (The role of nanotechnology in preserving historical monuments with an emphasis on deacidification of paper). [thesis]. Dānešgāh-e Honar-e Esfahān (Art University of Isfahan). [In Persian]
Gilani, Sarvar. (1392/2013). “Estefādeh az nano-kāmpozit-e hidroksid-e felezzi be ‘onvān-e ānti-oksidānt dar hefāzat-e āsār-e kāqazi-e sellulozi” (Using metal hydroxide nanocomposite as an antioxidant in the protection of cellulose paper works). [Masters’ thesis]. Maremmat-e Ašyā’-e Tārixi va Farhangi (Restoration of historical and cultural objects), Goruh-e Maremmat (Department of Restoration), Dāneškade-ye Honar va Me’māri (Faculty of Arts and Architecture), Dānešgāh-e Āzād-e Tehrān-Markaz (Islamic Azad University Central Organization). [In Persian]
Tafazzoli, Zohreh. (1392/2013). “Barresi-ye āsib-hā-ye mowjud dar barxi nosax-e xatti-ye maremmat-šodeh be šive-ye sonnati-ye mote’alleq be dowre-ye Teymuri-ye mowjud dar Muze-ye Malek va erā’e-ye tariq-e maremmat-hā-ye jāygozin” (Investigation of the damages in some manuscripts restored in the traditional way belonging to the Timurid period in the Malik Museum and presenting alternative restoration methods). [Masters’ thesis]. Maremmat-e Ašyā’-e Tārixi va Farhangi (Restoration of historical and cultural objects), Goruh-e Maremmat (Department of Restoration), Dāneškade-ye Honar va Me’māri (Faculty of Arts and Architecture), Dānešgāh-e Āzād-e Tehrān-Markaz (Islamic Azad University Central Organization). [In Persian]
Standards
Estāndārd-e melli-ye Irān be šomāre-ye 106: “Kāqaz, moqavvā va xamir-e kāqaz – Šarāyet-e mohite-ye estāndārd barāye mašrute-sāzi va āzmun va raves-e pāyeš-e šarāyet-e mohite va mašrute-sāzi-ye nemune-hā” (Iranian National Standard No. 106: “Paper, cardboard and paper pulp - standard environmental conditions for conditioning and testing and methods for monitoring environmental conditions and conditioning samples”) (ISIRI 106). [In Persian]
Estāndārd-e melli-ye Irān be šomāre-ye 4706: “Raveš-e tasri’ dar kohne-šodan-e kāqaz va moqavvā dar damā-ye 80 daraje-ye selsiyus va rotubat-e 65 darsad” (Iranian National Standard No. 4706: “Method to accelerate aging of paper and cardboard at 80 degrees Celsius and 65% humidity”) (ISIRI 4706). [In Persian]
Estāndārd-e melli-ye Irān be šomāre-ye 8273-2: “Kāqaz va moqavvā – Ta’yin-e vižegi-hā-ye kešeši, qesmat-e do: Raveš-e ezdiyād-e tul bā sor’at-e sābet (20 mm/min)” (Iranian National Standard No. 2-8273: “Paper and paperboard - determination of tensile properties, part 2: Lengthening method with constant speed (20 mm/min)” (ISIRI 8273-2).) (ISIRI 8273-2). [In Persian]