Key Factors Influencing the Evolution of Waqf During the Qajar and Pahlavi Eras (Case Study: Astan Quds Razavi)

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

PhD in Political Sociology

10.30484/ganj.2024.3156

Abstract

Purpose: This study, with an emphasis on the endowment deeds of Astan Quds Razavi, aims to investigate the transformations of waqf during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods in connection with the shifts in political and social approaches of these two eras.
Method and Research Design: The article employs a descriptive-analytical historical approach. The study uses theoretical concepts without imposing theories on the evidence. Inductive-deductive reasoning, along with statistical analysis via Excel, SQL, and SPSS software, and the assessment of significant differences in data, form the analytical framework of this research.
Findings & Conclusion: A significant decrease in the number of benefactors during the Pahlavi period compared to the Qajar era, particularly among the upper-lower base, and a decline in the dispersion of endowments are observed. Additionally, changes in the prioritization of expenditures and endowed properties are evident. In the Qajar period, waqf appeared to provide political and social legitimacy for the upper classes, while during the Pahlavi era, the endowment institution of Astan Quds Razavi served as a suitable tool for advancing modernization goals and enhancing governmental credibility. Overall, for middle-class religious benefactors, perceived social needs were more prominent than for other classes, and this trend became more pronounced during the Pahlavi era. Despite strengthened factors influencing waqf during the Pahlavi period (such as relative stability, initiatives by trustees, and the simultaneous holding of custodianship and governorship roles), a notable decline in benefactors is evident compared to the Qajar era. Furthermore, there was no significant increase in the transfer of custodianship to Astan Quds. Thus, trust-building within religious networks, collaboration with the clergy, and governmental encouragement remain critical factors for waqf—a foundation in which the Pahlavi regime was not successful, ultimately failing to bring about positive changes in waqf development.

Keywords

Main Subjects


English Translation of References
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