Faculty member of research institute of cultural heritage and tourism (RICHT)
Abstract
Purpose: This paper presents techniques used for identifying dyes and pigments used in inks and illuminations of several old Quranic manuscripts. Knowledge of the kind of dyes and pigments used in producing old manuscripts helps the choice of appropriate cleaning methods and conservation treatments. Method/Research Design: Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (ATR-FTIR), Raman laser spectroscopy were used for the characterization of the paint layers and inks of the selected samples taken from 6 illuminated manuscripts, all belonging to the Safavid era (15-16 century AD). Findings: Analyses of sixteen samples taken from the six manuscripts showed that lapis lazuli, indigo, azurite and lead white in blue colors, madder, cinnabar, red lead in red colors, and verdigris and lead white in green colors, were used. All of the pigments and dyes used in manuscripts were common in the Safavid era and were mentioned in literature. Therefore the authenticity of these manuscripts is established.
مایل هروی، نجیب(گردآورنده). (1372). کتاب‌‌آرایی در تمدن اسلامی. مشهد: بنیاد پژوهش‌های اسلامی آستان قدس رضوی.
مقاله فارسی
آل داوود، سیدعلی. (1389). «رنگ‌آمیزی کاغذ و مرکب‌سازی، برگرفته از کتاب جواهرالصنایع». نامة بهارستان، سال یازدهم، دفتر 16، صص27-36.
بحرالعلومی، فرانک و بهادری، رویا. (1390). «طلا یا به‌مانند طلا». نامة بهارستان، دفتر 18-19، صص157-161.
حاجیانی، شیوا و مهناز عبدالله خان گرجی. (1387). «شناسایی رنگ‌های مورداستفاده در سه نسخة عقدنامة عصر قاجار». مرمت و پژوهش، شمارة 4، صص119-130.
کردوانی، لی‌لی و دیگران. (1393). «مطالعات حفظ و مرمت پوست‌نوشته‌ای قرآنی متعلق به سده‌های سوم و چهارم ق». دوفصلنامة مرمت و معماری ایران، سال چهارم، شمارة هفتم، بهار و تابستان، صص17-27.
لامعی رشتی، محمد و دیگران. (1388). «آنالیز عنصری مرکب‌‌های به‌کاررفته در قطعات پوست‌نوشت قرآن با روش میکروسکپی». نامة بهارستان، سال دهم، دفتر 15، صص177-184.
معزّبن بادیس. (1389). «رسالة بوقلمون در رنگ‌‌ها». (نادر مطّلبی کاشانی، کوششگر). نامة بهارستان، سال 11، دفتر 17، صص 17-30.
منابع لاتین
کتاب لاتین
Balfour-Paul, J. (1990). Indigo in the Arab world, in: Dyes in History and Archaeology. York: Textile Research Associates, pp56-89.
Delamar, F. and B. Guineau. (2010). Colour Making and Using Dyes and Pigments. UK: Thames and Hudson.
Gettens, R. J.; West Fitzhugh, E. (1997). Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics. Ashok Roy (ed.). National Gallery of Art and Oxford University Press. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press,vol: 2.
Gettens, R.; Feller, R.; Chase, W. T. (1997). Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics. Roy, A. (ed.). National Gallery of Art and Oxford University Press. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, vol: 2.
Kuhn, H. (1997). Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics. A. Roy (ed.). National Gallery of Art and Oxford University Press. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, vol: 2.
Pelesters, J. (1997). Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics. Ashok Roy (ed.). National Gallery of Art and Oxford University Press. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press,vol: 2.
Schweppe, H. (1997). Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics. West FitzHugh, E., (ed). National Gallery of Art and Oxford University Press: Washington, DC, Oxford,vol: 3.
Schweppe, H; Winter, J. (1997). Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics. West FitzHugh, E., (ed), National Gallery of Art and Oxford University Press: Washington, DC, Oxford,vol: 3.
West Fitzhugh, E. (1986). Artists Pigment: A handbook of their history and characteristics. Feller, R., (ed). National gallery of art, vol: 1.
مقالة لاتین
Anselmi, K.; et al. (2016). “MOLAB® meets Persia: Non-invasive study of a sixteenth-century illuminated manuscript Chiara”. Studies in Conservation, Sup. 1, pp185-192.
Barkeshli, M. (2009). “Historical and scientific analysis of Iranian illuminated manuscripts and miniature paintings”. Golestan-e Honar, Vol: 5, Issue: 2 (16), pp8-22.
Barkeshli, M.; AtaieG. H. (2008). “pH Stability of Saffron Used in Verdigris as an Inhibitor in Persian Miniature Paintings”. Restaurator, Volume 23, Issue 3, pp154-164.
Chaplin, T. D .(2006). “Raman spectroscopic analysis of selected astronomical and cartographic folios from the early 13th century Islamic ‘Book of Curiosities of the Sciences and Marvels for the Eyes”.J. Raman Spectrosc, pp865-877.
Hayes, V.; S. Denoël; Z. Genadry; B. Gilbert. (2004). “Identification of pigments on a 16th century Persian manuscript by microRaman spectroscopy”. J. Raman Spectrosc. 35, pp781-785.
Kasiri, M. B. (2015). “Identification of Lazurite Pigment in Persian Miniatures by PIXE and AFM Methods”. J. Color. Sci. Tech., JCST-06-04-2015-1579.
Koochakzaei, A. R. A.; Nemati Babaylou1, A.; Daneshpoor, L. (2016). “Identification of Pigments Used in Decoration of Paper Inscription Related to Ansarin House of Tabriz”. J. Color. Sci. Tech., pp297-306.
Mahmoudi Khorandi, M.; M. Gulmini1; M. Aceto; A. Agostino and H. Sayyadshahri. (2016). “the non‐invasive approaches to identify the dyes and pigments of the Haft Awrang‐i Jāmi”. Second International Conference on Natural Sciences and Technology in Manuscript Analysis, Book of Abstracts, Hamburg University, pp13-14.
Bahadori, R. and Bahrololoomi, F. (2017). Dyes and Pigments in the Ornaments and the Inks of Illuminated Quran Manuscripts of Safavid Era. Ganjine-ye Asnad, 27(1), 104-125.
MLA
Bahadori, R. , and Bahrololoomi, F. . "Dyes and Pigments in the Ornaments and the Inks of Illuminated Quran Manuscripts of Safavid Era", Ganjine-ye Asnad, 27, 1, 2017, 104-125.
HARVARD
Bahadori, R., Bahrololoomi, F. (2017). 'Dyes and Pigments in the Ornaments and the Inks of Illuminated Quran Manuscripts of Safavid Era', Ganjine-ye Asnad, 27(1), pp. 104-125.
CHICAGO
R. Bahadori and F. Bahrololoomi, "Dyes and Pigments in the Ornaments and the Inks of Illuminated Quran Manuscripts of Safavid Era," Ganjine-ye Asnad, 27 1 (2017): 104-125,
VANCOUVER
Bahadori, R., Bahrololoomi, F. Dyes and Pigments in the Ornaments and the Inks of Illuminated Quran Manuscripts of Safavid Era. Ganjine-ye Asnad, 2017; 27(1): 104-125.
)